{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:59:57Z","timestamp":1774421997228,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RID (Project financially co-supported by Minister of Science and Higher Education in the range of the program entitled &quot;Regional Initiative of Excellence&quot; for the years 2019-2022).","award":["Project No. 010\/RID\/ 2018\/19, amount of funding 12.000.000 PLN."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project No. 010\/RID\/ 2018\/19, amount of funding 12.000.000 PLN."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a peptide suggested to play a role in gastrointestinal tract tissue reaction to pathology. Gastric ulceration is a common disorder affecting huge number of people, and additionally, it contributes to the loss of pig livestock production. Importantly, ulceration as a focal disruption affecting deeper layers of the stomach wall differs from other gastrointestinal pathologies and should be studied individually. The pig\u2019s gastrointestinal tract, due to its many similarities to the human counterpart, provides a valuable experimental model for studying digestive system pathologies. To date, the role of CART in gastric ulceration and the expression of the gene encoding CART in porcine gastrointestinal tube are completely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to verify the changes in the CART expression by Q-PCR (gene encoding CART in the tissue) and double immunofluorescence staining combined with confocal microscopy (CART immunofluorescence in enteric nervous system) in the porcine stomach tissues adjacent to gastric ulcerations. Surprisingly, we found that gastric ulcer caused a significant decrease in the expression of CART-encoding gene and huge reduction in the percentage of CART-immunofluorescent myenteric perikarya and neuronal fibers located within the circular muscle layer. Our results indicate a unique CART-dependent gastric response to ulcer disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T01:41:07Z","timestamp":1626054067000},"page":"7437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript (CART) Expression Changes in the Stomach Wall Affected by Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1626-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Zalecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrianna","family":"Plywacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1574-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Antushevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Engineering, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Franke-Radowiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furness, J.B. (2006). The Enteric Nervous System, Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470988756"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2008.01094.x","article-title":"The enteric nervous system: Normal functions and enteric neuropathies","volume":"20","author":"Furness","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oponowicz, A., Koz\u0142owska, A., Gonkowski, S., Godlewski, J., and Majewski, M. (2018). Changes in the distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-containing neural structures in the human colon affected by the neoplastic process. Int. J. Mol. 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