{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:07:02Z","timestamp":1790651222193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This study was supported by research fund (team research project) from Chosun University.","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The root bark of Cudrania tricuspidata has been reported to have anti-sclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cytotoxic activities. In the present study, the effect of 16 compounds from C. tricuspidata on tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1+interferon-\u03b3-treated HaCaT cells were investigated. Among these 16 compounds, 11 decreased IL-6 production and 15 decreased IL-8 production. The six most effective compounds, namely, steppogenin (2), cudraflavone C (6), macluraxanthone B (12), 1,6,7-trihydroxy-2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-3- methoxyxanthone (13), cudraflavanone B (4), and cudratricusxanthone L (14), were selected for further experiments. These six compounds decreased the expression levels of chemokines, such as regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and downregulated the protein expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Compounds 2, 6, 12, 4, and 14 inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B p65 translocation to the nucleus; however, compound 13 showed no significant effects. In addition, extracellular signal regulatory kinase-1\/2 phosphorylation was only inhibited by compound 14, whereas p38 phosphorylation was inhibited by compounds 13 and 4. Taken together, the compounds from C. tricuspidata showed potential to be further developed as therapeutic agents to suppress inflammation in skin cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T21:56:37Z","timestamp":1626126997000},"page":"7472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Compounds from Cudrania tricuspidata in HaCaT Human Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wonmin","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Rhan","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuncheol","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea"},{"name":"Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9234-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Sung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, C.S., Kim, D.C., Quang, T.H., Seo, J., Kang, D.G., Lee, H.S., Oh, H., and Kim, Y.C. (2016). A prenylated xanthone, cudratricusxan-thone a, isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation through inhibition of NF-\u03baB and p38 MAPK pathways in BV2 microglia. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21091240"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, S.-H., Ki, S.H., Park, D.-H., Moon, H.-S., Lee, C.-D., Yoon, I.-S., and Cho, S.-S. (2017). Quantitative Analysis, Extraction Optimization, and Biological Evaluation of Cudrania tricuspidata Leaf and Fruit Extracts. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22091489"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3577","article-title":"The Fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata Suppress Development of Atopic Dermatitis in NC\/Nga Mice","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"416","article-title":"Anti-oxidant compounds of Cudrania tricuspidata leaves","volume":"49","author":"Chon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Yakhak Hoeji"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b00903","article-title":"Effects of Cudrania tricuspidata fruit extract and its active compound, 5,7,3\u2019,4\u2019-tetrahydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone, on the high-affinity IgE receptor-mediated activation of syk in mast cells","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02977895","article-title":"Monoamine oxidase inhibitory constituents from the fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24220","article-title":"The neuroprotective role of melatonin in neurological disorders","volume":"96","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.12.1011","article-title":"Regulatory cells in the skin: Pathophysiologic role and potential targets for anti-inflammatory therapies","volume":"143","author":"Uttarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1546173","article-title":"Polyphenolic compounds as pancreatic lipase inhibitors","volume":"81","author":"Buchholz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.02.008","article-title":"Mast cell activation disease and microbiotic interactions","volume":"37","author":"Afrin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsay, R.R., and Tipton, K.F. (2017). Assessment of enzyme inhibition: A review with examples from the development of monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase inhibitory drugs. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201707.0019.v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2013.42.4.608","article-title":"Anti-wrinkle activity of a Curdrania tricuspidata extract on ultravio-let-induced photoaging","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6419","article-title":"Polyphenols: A concise overview on the chemistry, occurrence, and human health","volume":"33","author":"Durazzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2015.09.018","article-title":"Quercetin: A flavonol with multifaceted therapeutic applications?","volume":"106","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2016.1278298","article-title":"Review of ginkgo biloba-induced toxicity, from experimental stud-ies to human case reports","volume":"35","author":"Mei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2015.1078822","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cancer; the role of hesperidin, a citrus natural bioflavonoid, as a cancer chemoprotective agent","volume":"68","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1460","article-title":"A comprehensive review on xanthone derivatives as \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Clementina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-969660","article-title":"Components of Root Bark of Cudrania tricuspidata 2. Structures of Two New Isoprenylated Flavones, Cudraflavones A and B","volume":"50","author":"Fujimoto","year":"1984","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.12925\/jkocs.2015.32.2.260","article-title":"Physiological activities of Curdrania tricuspidata extracts on the skin","volume":"32","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Nrf2\/HO-1 Axis as Targets for Flavanones: Neuroprotection by Pinocembrin, Naringenin, and Eriodictyol","volume":"2019","author":"Habtemariam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"105","article-title":"Tumor cell growth inhibition of cancer cell growth and antiox-idant activities of flavonoid compounds isolated from Curdrania tricuspidata","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2207","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of TGP on KGF-induced hyperproliferation of HaCaT cells via sup-pression of the p38 MAPK\/NF-\u03baB p65 pathway","volume":"18","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"425","article-title":"Ashwagandha root extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects in HaCaT cells by inhibiting the MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathways and by regulating cytokines","volume":"42","author":"Sikandan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.03.121","article-title":"(+)-Nootkatone inhibits tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 \/interferon I-induced production of chemo-kines in HaCaT cells","volume":"447","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.09.006","article-title":"Ethanol extracts of Sanguisorba officinalis L. suppress TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-induced pro-inflammatory chemokine production in HaCaT cells","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.10.023","article-title":"Icariin inhibits TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3 induced inflammatory response via inhibition of the substance P and p38-MAPK signaling pathway in human keratinocytes","volume":"29","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.07.007","article-title":"SB203580, a pharmacological inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase transduction pathway activates ERK and JNK MAP kinases in primary cultures of human hepatocytes","volume":"593","author":"Henklova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.12.012","article-title":"The MAPK cascades: Signaling components, nuclear roles and mechanisms of nuclear translocation","volume":"1813","author":"Plotnikov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.2.143","article-title":"Regulation of immune responses by NF-kappa B\/Rel transcription factor","volume":"187","author":"Sha","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6910","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203238","article-title":"Control of apoptosis by Rel\/NF-\u03baB transcription factors","volume":"18","author":"Barkett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11173","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200611173","article-title":"Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors from the Roots of Cudrania tricuspidata","volume":"20","author":"Quang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"4066","article-title":"Overexpression of lncRNA TCL6 promotes preeclampsia progression by regulating PTEN","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1021\/np010451c","article-title":"Constituents of the bark and twigs of Artocarpus dadah with cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity","volume":"65","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700481","article-title":"Isolation of tyrosinase inhibitors from Artocarpus heterophyllus and use of its extract as antibrowning agent","volume":"52","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.12.006","article-title":"Characterization of tyrosinase inhibitors in the twigs of Cudrania tricuspidata and their structure\u2013activity relationship study","volume":"84","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2015.07.003","article-title":"Chemical constituents derived from Artocarpus xantho-carpus as inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis","volume":"117","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-016-0150-7","article-title":"Tyrosinase inhibitory activi-ty of flavonoids from Artocarpus heterophyllous","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Tao, G., Chen, J., and Zheng, Z.-P. (2016). Characterization of a New Flavone and Tyrosinase Inhibition Constituents from the Twigs of Morus alba L.. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21091130"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.C., Quang, T.H., Oh, H., and Kim, Y.C. (2017). Steppogenin Isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata shows antineuroinflammatory effects via NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways in LPS-Stimulated BV2 and primary rat microglial cells. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22122130"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.-W., Yen, F.-L., Ko, H.-H., Li, S.-Y., Chiang, Y.-C., Lee, M.-H., Tsai, M.-H., and Hsu, L.-F. (2017). Cudraflavone C Induces Apoptosis of A375.S2 Melanoma Cells through Mitochondrial ROS Production and MAPK Activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071508"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soo, H.-C., Chung, F.F.-L., Lim, K.-H., Yap, V.A., Bradshaw, T.D., Hii, L.-W., Tan, S.-H., See, S.-J., Tan, Y.-F., and Leong, C.-O. (2017). Cudraflavone C Induces Tumor-Specific Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells through Inhibition of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)-AKT Pathway. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170551"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1021\/np000175m","article-title":"HIV-Inhibitory prenylated xanthones and flavones from Maclura tinctoria","volume":"63","author":"Groweiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02975134","article-title":"Hepatoprotective constituents of Cudrania tricuspidata","volume":"28","author":"Tian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1021\/np030481a","article-title":"Cytotoxic Xanthones from Cudrania tricuspidata","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200490164","article-title":"Isoprenylated Xanthones and Flavonoids from Cudrania tricuspidata","volume":"2","author":"Zou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01312-y","article-title":"Cudrafla-vanone B isolated from the root bark of Cudrania tricuspidata alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses by downregulating NF-\u03baB and ERK MAPK signaling pathways in RAW264.7 macrophages and BV2 microglia","volume":"44","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"776","article-title":"The chemokine receptor CCR4 in vascular recognition by cutaneous but not intestinal memory T cells","volume":"400","author":"Campbell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14139","article-title":"Pathogenesis of psoriasis and development of treatment","volume":"45","author":"Ogawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2014.09.002","article-title":"The Immunopathogenesis of Psoriasis","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"97","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: Current para-digm","volume":"16","author":"Furue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b14-00660","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Actions of Herbal Formula Gyejibokryeong-Hwan Regulated by Inhibiting Chemokine Production and STAT1 Activation in HaCaT Cells","volume":"38","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2004.01.001","article-title":"Both Th2 and Th1 chemokines (TARC\/CCL17, MDC\/CCL22, and Mig\/CXCL9) are elevated in sera from patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"34","author":"Shimada","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70090-6","article-title":"Kinetics and characterization of intercellular adhesion molecule-l (ICAM-1) expression on keratinocytes in various inflammatory skin lesions and malignant lymphomas","volume":"20","author":"Vejlsgaard","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206778343028","article-title":"Signal Transduction Pathways of Inflammatory Gene Expressions and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Flavonoids from the Bark of Artocarpus integer var. silvestris and their Anti-inflammatory Properties","volume":"11","author":"Shaha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912093412407","article-title":"Inflammatory Skin Diseases, T Cells, and Immune Surveillance","volume":"341","author":"Robert","year":"1999","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.08.049","article-title":"Illicium verum extract inhibits TNF-\u03b1- and IFN-\u03b3-induced expression of chemokines and cytokines in human keratinocytes","volume":"144","author":"Sung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.49","article-title":"Transduced PEP-1-FK506BP Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis in NC\/Nga Mice","volume":"131","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4759","article-title":"A MEK inhibitor, PD98059 enhances IL-1-induced NF-kappaB activation by the enhanced and sustained degradation of IkappaBalpha","volume":"283","author":"Funakoshi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO03238G","article-title":"Genistein suppresses allergic contact dermatitis through regulating the MAP2K2\/ERK pathway","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/14\/7472\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:29:31Z","timestamp":1760164171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/14\/7472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22147472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22147472","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]}}}