{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T18:58:27Z","timestamp":1785869907448,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003032","name":"Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/0859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/0859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and are responsible for botulism, a fatal disorder of the nervous system mostly induced by food poisoning. Despite being one of the most potent families of poisonous substances, BoNTs are used for both aesthetic and therapeutic indications from cosmetic reduction of wrinkles to treatment of movement disorders. The increasing understanding of the biology of BoNTs and the availability of distinct toxin serotypes and subtypes offer the prospect of expanding the range of indications for these toxins. Engineering of BoNTs is considered to provide a new avenue for improving safety and clinical benefit from these neurotoxins. Robust, high-throughput, and cost-effective assays for BoNTs activity, yet highly relevant to the human physiology, have become indispensable for a successful translation of engineered BoNTs to the clinic. This review presents an emerging family of cell-based assays that take advantage of newly developed human pluripotent stem cells and neuronal function analyses technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T10:13:42Z","timestamp":1626257622000},"page":"7524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Emerging Opportunities in Human Pluripotent Stem-Cells Based Assays to Explore the Diversity of Botulinum Neurotoxins as Future Therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0546-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliette","family":"Duchesne de Lamotte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France"},{"name":"I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Universit\u00e9 Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anselme","family":"Perrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Universit\u00e9 Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire des Maladies Neurod\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives: M\u00e9canismes, Th\u00e9rapies, Imagerie, CEA\/CNRS UMR9199, Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5234-1064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Martinat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Universit\u00e9 Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Nicoleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78793-6","article-title":"Botulinum Toxin, a Historical Note","volume":"351","author":"Erbguth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20003","article-title":"Historical Notes on Botulism, Clostridium Botulinum, Botulinum Toxin, and the Idea of the Therapeutic Use of the Toxin","volume":"19","author":"Erbguth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. 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