{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:49:59Z","timestamp":1783568999912,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the concept of a receptor reserve (spare receptors) is old, their presence on human cells as an adaptive mechanism in cardiovascular disease is a new suggestion. The presence of spare receptors is suspected when the activation of a weak fraction of receptors leads to maximal biological effects, in other words, when the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) for a biological effect (cAMP production, for example) is lower than the affinity (KD) of the ligand for a receptor. Adenosine is an ATP derivative that strongly impacts the cardiovascular system via its four membrane receptors, named A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R, with the A1R being more particularly involved in heart rhythm, while the A2AR controls vasodilation. After a general description of the tools necessary to explore the presence of spare receptors, this review focuses on the consequences of the presence of spare adenosine receptors in cardiovascular physiopathology. Finally, the role of the adenosinergic system in the long-term potentiation and its possible consequences on the physiopathology are also mentioned.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1626341527000},"page":"7584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Adenosine Receptor Reserve and Long-Term Potentiation: Unconventional Adaptive Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Diseases?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3824-0814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9gis","family":"Guieu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Brignole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Luca, 13000 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Claude","family":"Deharo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CHU Timone, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Deharo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CHU Timone, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7541-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Mottola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Groppelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hopital Nord, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Paganelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Faint & Fall Programme, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Luca Hospital, 13000 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4300-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Clark, A.J. 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