{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:05:04Z","timestamp":1790805904540,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FU 738\/6-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FU 738\/6-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the pathogenesis of glaucoma, optic nerve (ON) axons become continuously damaged at the optic nerve head (ONH). This often is associated with reactive astrocytes and increased transforming growth factor (TGF-\u03b2) 2 levels. In this study we tested the hypothesis if the presence or absence of decorin (DCN), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan and a natural inhibitor of several members of the TGF family, would affect the expression of the TGF-\u03b2s and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF\/CCN2) in human ONH astrocytes and murine ON astrocytes. We found that DCN is present in the mouse ON and is expressed by human ONH and murine ON astrocytes. DCN expression and synthesis was significantly reduced after 24 h treatment with 3 nM CTGF\/CCN2, while treatment with 4 pM TGF-\u03b22 only reduced expression of DCN significantly. Conversely, DCN treatment significantly reduced the expression of TGF-\u03b21, TGF-\u03b22 and CTGF\/CCN2 vis-a-vis untreated controls. Furthermore, DCN treatment significantly reduced expression of fibronectin (FN) and collagen IV (COL IV). Notably, combined treatment with DCN and triciribine, a small molecule inhibitor of protein kinase B (AKT), attenuated effects of DCN on CTGF\/CCN2, TGF-\u03b21, and TGF-\u03b22 mRNA expression. We conclude (1) that DCN is an important regulator of TGF-\u03b2 and CTGF\/CCN2 expression in astrocytes of the ON and ONH, (2) that DCN thereby regulates the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and (3) that DCN executes its negative regulatory effects on TGF-\u03b2 and CTGF\/CCN2 via the pAKT\/AKT signaling pathway in ON astrocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T21:16:48Z","timestamp":1626643008000},"page":"7660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Decorin\u2014An Antagonist of TGF-\u03b2 in Astrocytes of the Optic Nerve"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea E.","family":"Dillinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ohlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-5112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato V.","family":"Iozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Fuchshofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. 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