{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:32:01Z","timestamp":1791397921457,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":270,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS110370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS110370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinical treatments for ischemic stroke are limited. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation can be a promising therapy. Clinically, ischemia and subsequent reperfusion lead to extensive neurovascular injury that involves inflammation, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and brain cell death. NSCs exhibit multiple potentially therapeutic actions against neurovascular injury. Currently, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved clot-dissolving agent. While tPA\u2019s thrombolytic role within the vasculature is beneficial, tPA\u2019s non-thrombolytic deleterious effects aggravates neurovascular injury, restricting the treatment time window (time-sensitive) and tPA eligibility. Thus, new strategies are needed to mitigate tPA\u2019s detrimental effects and quickly mediate vascular repair after stroke. Up to date, clinical trials focus on the impact of stem cell therapy on neuro-restoration by delivering cells during the chronic stroke stage. Also, NSCs secrete factors that stimulate endogenous repair mechanisms for early-stage ischemic stroke. This review will present an integrated view of the preclinical perspectives of NSC transplantation as a promising treatment for neurovascular injury, with an emphasis on early-stage ischemic stroke. Further, this will highlight the impact of early sub-acute NSC delivery on improving short-term and long-term stroke outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T10:07:37Z","timestamp":1626689257000},"page":"7703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Neural Stem Cells for Early Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Milton H.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pyo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000485","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"135","author":"Benjamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61953-4","article-title":"Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990\u20132010: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"383","author":"Feigin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.07.002","article-title":"The Science of Stroke: Mechanisms in Search of Treatments","volume":"67","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e85","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics--2006 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee","volume":"113","author":"Thom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-015-0478-8","article-title":"Impact of the Implementation of Thrombectomy with Stent Retrievers on the Frequency of Hemicraniectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"27","author":"Sporns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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