{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:07:43Z","timestamp":1792069663098,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["401134\/2014\u20138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401134\/2014\u20138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0012017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0012017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["e-26\/201.300\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["e-26\/201.300\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential nutrient for living organisms and is maintained in equilibrium in the range of 0.8\u20131.4 mM Pi. Pi is a source of organic constituents for DNA, RNA, and phospholipids and is essential for ATP formation mainly through energy metabolism or cellular signalling modulators. In mitochondria isolated from the brain, liver, and heart, Pi has been shown to induce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) release. Therefore, the purpose of this review article was to gather relevant experimental records of the production of Pi-induced reactive species, mainly ROS, to examine their essential roles in physiological processes, such as the development of bone and cartilage and the development of diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, muscle atrophy, and male reproductive system impairment. Interestingly, in the presence of different antioxidants or inhibitors of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Pi transporters, Pi-induced ROS production can be reversed and may be a possible pharmacological target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T11:53:23Z","timestamp":1626868403000},"page":"7768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Extracellular Inorganic Phosphate-Induced Release of Reactive Oxygen Species: Roles in Physiological Processes and Disease Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Lacerda-Abreu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"Meyer-Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2571(99)00036-9","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of mammalian inorganic phosphate homeostasis","volume":"40","author":"Takeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Enzym. Regul."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0159-y","article-title":"Mechanisms of phosphate transport","volume":"15","author":"Levi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacerda-Abreu, M.A., Russo-Abrah\u00e3o, T., and Meyer-Fernandes, J.R. (2020). The roles of sodium-independent inorganic phosphate transporters in inorganic phosphate homeostasis and in cancer and other diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239298"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.04.015","article-title":"H+-dependent inorganic phosphate transporter in breast cancer cells: Possible functions in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"1865","author":"Nascimento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClure, S.T., Chang, A.R., Selvin, E., Rebholz, C.M., and Appel, L.J. (2017). Dietary sources of phosphorus among adults in the united states: Results from NHANES 2001\u20132014. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9020095"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00022.2017","article-title":"Phosphate as a signaling molecule and its sensing mechanism","volume":"98","author":"Michigami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0076-3","article-title":"Role of phosphate sensing in bone and mineral metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Chande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2018.05.001","article-title":"Inorganic phosphate transporters in cancer: Functions, molecular mechanisms and possible clinical applications","volume":"1870","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2018.06.004","article-title":"Phosphate homeostasis disorders","volume":"32","author":"Christov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-018-2231-z","article-title":"Physiological regulation of phosphate by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and phosphate (Pi)","volume":"471","author":"Jacquillet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudolph, E.H., and Gonin, J.M. (2012). Disorders of phosphorus metabolism. Nephrol. Secrets, 551\u2013559.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3362-2.00088-9"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004070602","article-title":"Serum phosphate levels and mortality risk among people with chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Kestenbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s40746-020-00208-1","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of disorders of phosphate balance","volume":"6","author":"Hanudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.63.01.85","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress on the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Francisqueti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2001","article-title":"Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function","volume":"82","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760400009258","article-title":"Phosphate increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species release","volume":"38","author":"Oliveira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serna, J., and Bergwitz, C. (2020). Importance of dietary phosphorus for bone metabolism and healthy aging. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103001"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2175-z","article-title":"Phosphate homeostasis and its role in bone health","volume":"27","author":"Pinedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-013-0516-z","article-title":"Phosphate enhances reactive oxygen species production and suppresses osteoblastic differentiation","volume":"32","author":"Okamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-015-0651-9","article-title":"Phosphate enhances Fgf23 expression through reactive oxygen species in UMR-106 cells","volume":"34","author":"Hori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00346-X","article-title":"Inorganic phosphate induces apoptosis of osteoblast-like cells in culture","volume":"27","author":"Meleti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20316","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M006492200","article-title":"Matrix regulation of skeletal cell apoptosis. Role of calcium and phosphate ions","volume":"276","author":"Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/03008200390181717","article-title":"Mechanisms by which extracellular matrix components induce osteoblast apoptosis","volume":"44","author":"Adams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Connect Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21062","article-title":"Chondrocyte hypertrophy in skeletal development, growth, and disease","volume":"102","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part C Embryo Today Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02012777","article-title":"Electrolytes of isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes, matrix vesicles, and extracellular fluid","volume":"23","author":"Wuthier","year":"1977","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105801","article-title":"Partition of calcium, phosphate, and protein in the fluid phase aspirated at calcifying sites in epiphyseal cartilage","volume":"47","author":"Howell","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199906)179:3<287::AID-JCP6>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Chondrocyte death is linked to development of a mitochondrial membrane permeability transition in the growth plate","volume":"179","author":"Rajpurohit","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199906)179:3<276::AID-JCP5>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Extracellular phosphate ions cause apoptosis of terminally differentiated epiphyseal chondrocytes","volume":"179","author":"Mansfield","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00409-9","article-title":"Phosphate ions mediate chondrocyte apoptosis through a plasma membrane transporter mechanism","volume":"28","author":"Mansfield","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-1056-z","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in skeletal tissues: Phosphate-mediated chick chondrocyte apoptosis is calcium dependent","volume":"73","author":"Mansfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C833","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2001.281.3.C833","article-title":"Phosphate-induced chondrocyte apoptosis is linked to nitric oxide generation","volume":"281","author":"Teixeira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300604","article-title":"The fate of the terminally differentiated chondrocyte: Evidence for microenvironmental regulation of chondrocyte apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Adams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000046875","article-title":"Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase, oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Ghafourifar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S300","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000081663.52165.66","article-title":"Vascular calcification: In vitro evidence for the role of inorganic phosphate","volume":"14","author":"Giachelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.7.e10","article-title":"Phosphate regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification","volume":"87","author":"Jono","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2019.12.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress contributes to vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"138","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.04.012","article-title":"Oxidative stress in vascular calcification","volume":"519","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2080","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00917.2020","article-title":"Mitochondrial contributions to vascular endothelial dysfunction","volume":"320","author":"Kirkman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advenzreg.2006.01.003","article-title":"A novel function of phosphate-mediated intracellular signal transduction pathways","volume":"46","author":"Takeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Enzym. Regul."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008101106","article-title":"Dietary phosphorus acutely impairs endothelial function","volume":"20","author":"Shuto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.18","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species promote p65 nuclear translocation mediating high-phosphate-induced vascular calcification in vitro and in vivo","volume":"79","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01294.x","article-title":"\u03b1-Lipoic acid attenuates vascular calcification via reversal of mitochondrial function and restoration of Gas6\/Axl\/Akt survival pathway","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1381","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00003.2008","article-title":"Increased inorganic phosphate induces human endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro","volume":"294","author":"Hausberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1302","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00305.2020","article-title":"Oxidative stress by Ca2+ overload is critical for phosphate-induced vascular calcification","volume":"319","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13595","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13595","article-title":"High phosphate impairs arterial endothelial function through AMPK-related pathways in mouse resistance arteries","volume":"231","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0355-7","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2-cells in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Different pathways to failure","volume":"16","author":"Eizirik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050044","article-title":"Beta-cell mitochondria in the regulation of insulin secretion: A new culprit in type II diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Wollheim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0057","article-title":"Minireview: Implication of mitochondria in insulin secretion and action","volume":"147","author":"Wiederkehr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2008.04.011","article-title":"The ADP and ATP transport in mitochondria and its carrier","volume":"1778","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4173(86)90007-8","article-title":"Molecular aspects of inorganic phosphate transport in mitochondria","volume":"853","author":"Wohlrab","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.08.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial phosphate transport during nutrient stimulation of INS-1E insulinoma cells","volume":"381","author":"Quan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3241-9","article-title":"Calcium and phosphate concentrations and future development of type 2 diabetes: The insulin resistance atherosclerosis study","volume":"57","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114979","article-title":"On the mechanism of impaired insulin secretion in chronic renal failure","volume":"87","author":"Fadda","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2000.8606","article-title":"Decreased insulin production and increased insulin sensitivity in the klotho mutant mouse, a novel animal model for human aging","volume":"49","author":"Utsugi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E933","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00009.2015","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative stress mediates high-phosphate-induced secretory defects and apoptosis in insulin-secreting cells","volume":"308","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600455RR","article-title":"Intracellular alkalinization by phosphate uptake via type III sodium-phosphate co-transporter participates in high-phosphate-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and defective insulin secretion","volume":"30","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021041","article-title":"Muscle wasting diseases: Novel targets and treatments","volume":"59","author":"Furrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsao, C.W., Hsu, Y.J., Chang, T.C., Wu, S.T., Cha, T.L., and Liu, C.Y. (2020). A high phosphorus diet impairs testicular function and spermatogenesis in male mice with chronic kidney disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092624"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2013.05.009","article-title":"Rats with metabolic syndrome resist the protective effects of N-acetyl l-cystein against impaired spermatogenesis induced by high-phosphorus\/zinc-free diet","volume":"65","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21446","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103896","article-title":"High phosphate induces skeletal muscle atrophy and suppresses myogenic differentiation by increasing oxidative stress and activating Nrf2 signaling","volume":"12","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"618396","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the \u03b2-cell pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes","volume":"2012","author":"Back","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgos-Mor\u00f3n, E., Abad-Jim\u00e9nez, Z., Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, A.M., Iannantuoni, F., Escribano-L\u00f3pez, I., L\u00f3pez-Dom\u00e8nech, S., Salom, C., Jover, A., Mora, V., and Roldan, I. (2019). Relationship between oxidative stress, ER stress, and inflammation in type 2 diabetes: The battle continues. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091385"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2016.57.6.442","article-title":"Phosphorus as predictive factor for erectile dysfunction in middle aged men: A cross sectional study in Korea","volume":"57","author":"Min","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"2483","article-title":"Seminal plasma pH, inorganic phosphate, total and ionized calcium concentrations in the assessment of human spermatozoa function","volume":"7","author":"Banjoko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/15\/7768\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:32:38Z","timestamp":1760164358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/15\/7768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22157768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22157768","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]}}}