{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:36:54Z","timestamp":1787585814003,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry","award":["IPET 119010032HD050 derived from the IPET No.119010032CG000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPET 119010032HD050 derived from the IPET No.119010032CG000"]}]},{"name":"the Korea Institute of Toxicology","award":["1711121217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711121217"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melanin causes melasma, freckles, age spots, and chloasma. Anti-melanogenic agents can prevent disease-related hyperpigmentation. In the present study, the dose-dependent tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Avenanthramide (Avn)-A-B-C was demonstrated, and 100 \u00b5M Avn-A-B-C produced the strongest competitive inhibition against inter-cellular tyrosinase and melanin synthesis. Avn-A-B-C inhibits the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, such as TRP1 and 2. Molecular docking simulation revealed that AvnC (\u22127.6 kcal\/mol) had a higher binding affinity for tyrosinase than AvnA (\u22127.3 kcal\/mol) and AvnB (\u22126.8 kcal\/mol). AvnC was predicted to interact with tyrosinase through two hydrogen bonds at Ser360 (distance: 2.7 \u00c5) and Asn364 (distance: 2.6 \u00c5). In addition, AvnB and AvnC were predicted to be skin non-sensitizers in mammals by the Derek Nexus Quantitative Structure\u2013Activity Relationship system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:07:40Z","timestamp":1626998860000},"page":"7814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Inhibitory Effect of Avenanthramides (Avn) on Tyrosinase Activity and Melanogenesis in \u03b1-MSH-Activated SK-MEL-2 Cells: In Vitro and In Silico Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3197-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City 440-746, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Ju","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City 440-746, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamina","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon-Jo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Herb Science, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Busan 47230, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hak-Seong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City 440-746, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woong-Suk","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nodaji Co., Ltd., Pohang 37927, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cher-Won","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of AGEE, Handong University, Pohang 37554, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9452-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daeui","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6323-0714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheorl-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City 440-746, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Chromatographic Methods to Evaluate Nutritional Quality in Oat","volume":"1536","author":"Broeckling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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