{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:30:19Z","timestamp":1792099819749,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Copper, manganese, and iron are vital elements required for the appropriate development and the general preservation of good health. Additionally, these essential metals play key roles in ensuring proper brain development and function. They also play vital roles in the central nervous system as significant cofactors for several enzymes, including the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and other enzymes that take part in the creation and breakdown of neurotransmitters in the brain. An imbalance in the levels of these metals weakens the structural, regulatory, and catalytic roles of different enzymes, proteins, receptors, and transporters and is known to provoke the development of various neurological conditions through different mechanisms, such as via induction of oxidative stress, increased \u03b1-synuclein aggregation and fibril formation, and stimulation of microglial cells, thus resulting in inflammation and reduced production of metalloproteins. In the present review, the authors focus on neurological disorders with psychiatric signs associated with copper, iron, and manganese excess and the diagnosis and potential treatment of such disorders. In our review, we described diseases related to these metals, such as aceruloplasminaemia, neuroferritinopathy, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) and other very rare classical NBIA forms, manganism, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ephedrone encephalopathy, HMNDYT1-SLC30A10 deficiency (HMNDYT1), HMNDYT2-SLC39A14 deficiency, CDG2N-SLC39A8 deficiency, hepatic encephalopathy, prion disease and \u201cprion-like disease\u201d, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington\u2019s disease, Friedreich\u2019s ataxia, and depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T22:35:31Z","timestamp":1626993331000},"page":"7820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Copper, Iron, and Manganese Toxicity in Neuropsychiatric Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Beata","family":"Tarnacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Sparta\u0144ska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jopowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Sparta\u0144ska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2211-0302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ma\u015bli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Early Arthritis, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Sparta\u0144ska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gromadzka, G., Tarnacka, B., Flaga, A., and Adamczyk, A. (2020). Copper Dyshomeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases\u2014Therapeutic Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239259"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D.D., Zhang, W., Wang, Z.Y., and Zhao, P. (2017). Serum Copper, Zinc, and Iron Levels in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Front. Aging Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00300"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagheri, S., Squitti, R., Haertl\u00e9, T., Siotto, M., and Saboury, A.A. (2018). Role of Copper in the Onset of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Compared to Other Metals. Front. Aging Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00446"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1581608","article-title":"Iron and Manganese-Related CNS Toxicity: Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.01.018","article-title":"Metal Toxicity Links to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Neuroinflammation","volume":"431","author":"Huat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.07.007","article-title":"The Role of Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Iron in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"74","author":"Mezzaroba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-010-0563-x","article-title":"Metals, Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"345","author":"Jomova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"54","article-title":"Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies for Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity","volume":"1","author":"Andrade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11062-020-09854-5","article-title":"Roles of Metal Microelements in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"52","author":"Leal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106460","article-title":"The Role of Ceruloplasmin in Iron Metabolism","volume":"49","author":"Roeser","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.09.019","article-title":"The Function of ATPase Copper Transporter ATP7B in Intestine","volume":"154","author":"Pierson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Copper Signalling: Causes and Consequences 06 Biological Sciences 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology","volume":"71","author":"Kardos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0868-0","article-title":"Primary Cultures of Astrocytes: Their Value in Understanding Astrocytes in Health and Disease","volume":"37","author":"Lange","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000322544","article-title":"Pregabalin Antagonizes Copper-Induced Toxicity in the Brain: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies","volume":"18","author":"Marmolino","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroSignals"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180508113025","article-title":"Does Ceruloplasmin Defend Against Neurodegenerative Diseases?","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0018-3","article-title":"Wilson Disease","volume":"4","author":"Litwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125318759461","article-title":"Psychiatric Manifestations in Wilson\u2019s Disease: Possibilities and Difficulties for Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Litwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/21678707.2019.1638248","article-title":"Neurological Manifestations in Wilson\u2019s Disease \u2013Possible Treatment Options for Symptoms","volume":"7","author":"Litwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Orphan Drugs"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63625-6.00019-7","article-title":"Novel Perspectives on Wilson Disease Treatment","volume":"Volume 142","author":"Rupp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03866.x","article-title":"Summary of the Recommendations of the EFNS\/MDS-ES Review on Therapeutic Management of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"205","article-title":"Accumulation de Fer Dans Le Cerveau et D\u00e9clin Moteur et Cognitif Dans Le Vieillissement Normal","volume":"10","author":"Kalpouzos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70117-6","article-title":"The Role of Iron in Brain Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"13","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2013.09.015","article-title":"Acute Iron Overload and Oxidative Stress in Brain","volume":"314","author":"Piloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1537","article-title":"Iron, Brain Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"5","author":"Zecca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1021\/bi300752r","article-title":"Mechanisms of Mammalian Iron Homeostasis","volume":"51","author":"Pantopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2010.00652.x","article-title":"Iron Handling in Hippocampal Neurons: Activity-Dependent Iron Entry and Mitochondria-Mediated Neurotoxicity","volume":"10","author":"Pelizzoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.01.004","article-title":"Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter Blocker Effectively Prevents Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Iron Overload","volume":"92","author":"Sripetchwandee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connor, J.R., Kettenmann, H., and Ransom, B.R. (2013). Iron and Glia. Neuroglia, Oxford University Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199794591.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.03.009","article-title":"Iron, Myelin, and the Brain: Neuroimaging Meets Neurobiology","volume":"42","author":"Bossoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinarejos, I., Machuca-Arellano, C., Sancho, P., and Espin\u00f3s, C. (2020). Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (Nbia). Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9101020"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9843","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403495101","article-title":"The Role of Iron and Copper Molecules in the Neuronal Vulnerability of Locus Coeruleus and Substantia Nigra during Aging","volume":"101","author":"Zecca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2004.10.001","article-title":"Imaging Iron Stores in the Brain Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"23","author":"Haacke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.618435","article-title":"Systematic Review: Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) of Brain Iron Profile in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Ravanfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.3230","article-title":"Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation: A Novel Mutation in the Ceruloplasmin Gene","volume":"76","author":"Stelten","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12149","article-title":"Aceruloplasminemia","volume":"35","author":"Miyajima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310985.40011.d6","article-title":"T2* and FSE MRI Distinguishes Four Subtypes of Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation","volume":"70","author":"McNeill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Watanabe, H., Takaya, N., and Miyajima, H.M.F. (2013, January 14\u201319). Iron Mapping in the Brain of a Patient with Aceruloplasminemia. Proceedings of the 54th Experiment Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference, Pacific Grove, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.120568","article-title":"Aceruloplasminaemia with Progressive Atrophy without Brain Iron Overload: Treatment with Oral Chelation","volume":"79","author":"Skidmore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410318","article-title":"Use of Desferrioxamine in the Treatment of Aceruloplasminemia","volume":"41","author":"Miyajima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2007.01.001","article-title":"Treatment of Symptomatic Heterozygous Aceruloplasminemia with Oral Zinc Sulphate","volume":"29","author":"Kuhn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3594","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003594","article-title":"Aceruloplasminemia with Psychomotor Excitement and Neurological Sign Was Improved by Minocycline (Case Report)","volume":"95","author":"Hayashida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201708361","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin Replacement Therapy Ameliorates Neurological Symptoms in a Preclinical Model of Aceruloplasminemia","volume":"10","author":"Zanardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25371","article-title":"Early Neuropsychiatry Features in Neuroferritinopathy","volume":"28","author":"Keogh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2007.12.008","article-title":"Elevated Manganese Levels in Blood and CNS in Human Prion Disease","volume":"37","author":"Hesketh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3036","article-title":"Progressive Brain Iron Accumulation in Neuroferritinopathy Measured by the Thalamic T2* Relaxation Rate","volume":"33","author":"McNeill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl319","article-title":"Clinical Features and Natural History of Neuroferritinopathy Caused by the FTL1 460InsA Mutation","volume":"130","author":"Chinnery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20771","article-title":"Genotypic and Phenotypic Spectrum of PANK2 Mutations in Patients with Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation","volume":"59","author":"Hartig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4081\/ni.2017.7279","article-title":"A Pilot Trial of Deferiprone in Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration Patients","volume":"9","author":"Rohani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.251203","article-title":"Precision Medicine in Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2016.11.004","article-title":"Consensus Clinical Management Guideline for Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN)","volume":"120","author":"Hogarth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70321-7","article-title":"Biological and Clinical Characteristics of the European Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia Consortium for Translational Studies (EFACTS) Cohort: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Baseline Data","volume":"14","author":"Reetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.6.1099","article-title":"Mitochondrial Intermediate Peptidase and the Yeast Frataxin Homolog Together Maintain Mitochondrial Iron Homeostasis in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae","volume":"8","author":"Branda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldx034","article-title":"Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis and Management","volume":"124","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00264","article-title":"Reversible Axonal Dystrophy by Calcium Modulation in Frataxin-Deficient Sensory Neurons of YG8R Mice","volume":"10","author":"Riveiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt576","article-title":"Apoptotic Cell Death and Altered Calcium Homeostasis Caused by Frataxin Depletion in Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons Can Be Prevented by BH4 Domain of Bcl-XL Protein","volume":"23","author":"Obis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw260","article-title":"Frataxin Silencing Alters Microtubule Stability in Motor Neurons: Implications for Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia","volume":"25","author":"Piermarini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11369","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0529-10.2010","article-title":"Defects in Mitochondrial Axonal Transport and Membrane Potential without Increased Reactive Oxygen Species Production in a Drosophila Model of Friedreich Ataxia","volume":"30","author":"Shidara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4537","article-title":"Frataxin Deficiency Leads to Defects in Expression of Antioxidants and Nrf2 Expression in Dorsal Root Ganglia of the Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia YG8R Mouse Model","volume":"19","author":"Shan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carletti, B., Piermarini, E., Tozzi, G., Travaglini, L., Torraco, A., Pastore, A., Sparaco, M., Petrillo, S., Carrozzo, R., and Bertini, E. (2014). Frataxin Silencing Inactivates Mitochondrial Complex I in NSC34 Motoneuronal Cells and Alters Glutathione Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15045789"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrillo, S., Piermarini, E., Pastore, A., Vasco, G., Schirinzi, T., Carrozzo, R., Bertini, E., and Piemonte, F. (2017). Nrf2-Inducers Counteract Neurodegeneration in Frataxin-Silenced Motor Neurons: Disclosing New Therapeutic Targets for Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102173"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu745","article-title":"Unveiling a Common Mechanism of Apoptosis in \u03b2-Cells and Neurons in Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2016.32","article-title":"Gene Transfer of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Prevents Neurodegeneration Triggered by FXN Deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Corona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolinches-Amor\u00f3s, A., Moll\u00e1, B., Pla-Mart\u00edn, D., Palau, F., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Cabo, P. (2014). Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Frataxin Deficiency Is Associated with Cellular Senescence and Abnormal Calcium Metabolism. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00124"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00038","article-title":"Mitofusin-Dependent ER Stress Triggers Glial Dysfunction and Nervous System Degeneration in a Drosophila Model of Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia","volume":"11","author":"Edenharter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00075","article-title":"The Role of Iron in Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia: Insights From Studies in Human Tissues and Cellular and Animal Models","volume":"13","author":"Llorens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm323","article-title":"Vestibular, Saccadic and Fixation Abnormalities in Genetically Confirmed Friedreich Ataxia","volume":"131","author":"Fahey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn269","article-title":"Visual System Involvement in Patients with Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia","volume":"132","author":"Fortuna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-012-0363-9","article-title":"Cognition in Friedreich Ataxia","volume":"11","author":"Nieto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2017.11.004","article-title":"S\u00edntomas Depresivos En La Ataxia de Friedreich","volume":"18","author":"Nieto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Williams, C.T., and De Jesus, O. (2021, May 31). Friedreich Ataxia. StatPearls. Available online: https:\/\/www.statpearls.com\/ArticleLibrary\/viewarticle\/21969."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104606","article-title":"Friedreich Ataxia- Pathogenesis and Implications for Therapies","volume":"132","author":"Delatycki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3510","article-title":"Prevention and Reversal of Severe Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy by Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia","volume":"20","author":"Perdomini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.05.006","article-title":"Rapid and Complete Reversal of Sensory Ataxia by Gene Therapy in a Novel Model of Friedreich Ataxia","volume":"26","author":"Piguet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaj2347","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaj2347","article-title":"Transplantation of Wild-Type Mouse Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Ameliorates Deficits in a Mouse Model of Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia","volume":"9","author":"Rocca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1080\/21678707.2016.1215910","article-title":"Translating HDAC Inhibitors in Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia","volume":"4","author":"Soragni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Orphan Drugs"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00167","article-title":"Regional Siderosis: A New Challenge for Iron Chelation Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Cabantchik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-018-9878-4","article-title":"A Review on Iron Chelators as Potential Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Divers."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.06.014","article-title":"The Novel Mitochondrial Iron Chelator 5-((Methylamino)Methyl)-8-Hydroxyquinoline Protects against Mitochondrial-Induced Oxidative Damage and Neuronal Death","volume":"463","author":"Mena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Beltr\u00e1n, O., Mena, N.P., Aguirre, P., Barriga-Gonz\u00e1lez, G., Gald\u00e1mez, A., Nagles, E., Adasme, T., Hidalgo, C., and N\u00fa\u00f1ez, M.T. (2017). Development of an Iron-Selective Antioxidant Probe with Protective Effects on Neuronal Function. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189043"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2018.02.003","article-title":"Progress in the Treatment of Friedreich Ataxia","volume":"52","author":"Tai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyarko-Danquah, I., Pajarillo, E., Digman, A., Soliman, K.F.A., Aschner, M., and Lee, E. (2020). Manganese Accumulation in the Brain via Various Transporters and Its Neurotoxicity Mechanisms. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245880"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15662","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.015552","article-title":"Astrocyte-Specific Deletion of the Transcription Factor Yin Yang 1 in Murine Substantia Nigra Mitigates Manganese-Induced Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity","volume":"295","author":"Pajarillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.12.020","article-title":"Manganese Modulates Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression in Activated Glia","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1017-5","article-title":"Manganese-Exposed Developing Rats Display Motor Deficits and Striatal Oxidative Stress That Are Reversed by Trolox","volume":"87","author":"Cordova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.06.001","article-title":"Protective Effects of Antioxidants and Anti-Inflammatory Agents against Manganese-Induced Oxidative Damage and Neuronal Injury","volume":"256","author":"Milatovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.12.024","article-title":"Manganese-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage in Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cells: Attenuation of Thymine Base Lesions by Glutathione and N-Acetylcysteine","volume":"218","author":"Stephenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00654","article-title":"Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity: New Insights into the Triad of Protein Misfolding, Mitochondrial Impairment, and Neuroinflammation","volume":"13","author":"Harischandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.10.126","article-title":"Redox Dynamics of Manganese as a Mitochondrial Life-Death Switch","volume":"482","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.044","article-title":"Organotellurium and Organoselenium Compounds Attenuate Mn-Induced Toxicity in Caenorhabditis Elegans by Preventing Oxidative Stress","volume":"52","author":"Avila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5195","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271957","article-title":"Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Derived 2-like 2 (NFE2L2, Nrf2) Mediates Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Biogenesis and the Anti-Oxidant Response in Mice","volume":"594","author":"Merry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13442","article-title":"Manganese Neurotoxicity: Behavioral Disorders Associated with Dysfunctions in the Basal Ganglia and Neurochemical Transmission","volume":"136","author":"Bouabid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2011.08.144","article-title":"Role of Manganese in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"25","author":"Bowman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13170","article-title":"Manganese Homeostasis in the Nervous System","volume":"134","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7519","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707519","article-title":"Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features","volume":"12","author":"Kwakye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0056-x","article-title":"Manganese Toxicity Upon Overexposure: A Decade in Review","volume":"2","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.18068","article-title":"Manganism without Parkinsonism: Isolated Unilateral Upper Limb Tremor in a Welder","volume":"12","author":"Prasad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901748","article-title":"Manganese and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Critical Review and New Findings","volume":"118","author":"Guilarte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2005.10.006","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism","volume":"27","author":"Cersosimo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2010.10.002","article-title":"Biomarkers of Manganese Intoxication","volume":"32","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20506","article-title":"Biomarkers of Mn Exposure in Humans","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60189-2_2","article-title":"Manganese and Developmental Neurotoxicity","volume":"Volume 18","author":"Lucchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31821854da","article-title":"Toenail, Blood, and Urine as Biomarkers of Manganese Exposure","volume":"53","author":"Laohaudomchok","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"91","article-title":"Measuring the Impact of Manganese Exposure on Children\u2019s Neurodevelopment: Advances and Research Gaps in Biomarker-Based Approaches","volume":"15","author":"Coetzee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health A Glob. Access Sci. Source."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408993","article-title":"Manganese Exposure and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Rural School-Age Children: The Communities Actively Researching Exposure Study (Ohio, USA)","volume":"123","author":"Haynes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5118","DOI":"10.1021\/es203569f","article-title":"Determining Fetal Manganese Exposure from Mantle Dentine of Deciduous Teeth","volume":"46","author":"Arora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.09.003","article-title":"Manganese in Teeth and Neurodevelopment in Young Mexican-American Children","volume":"142","author":"Gunier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.06.032","article-title":"Tooth Matrix Analysis for Biomonitoring of Organic Chemical Exposure: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"142","author":"Andra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"769","article-title":"Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Manganese Exposure","volume":"21","author":"Lucchini","year":"2000","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002192","article-title":"In Vivo Measurement of Brain GABA Concentrations by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Smelters Occupationally Exposed to Manganese","volume":"119","author":"Dydak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2006.08.005","article-title":"Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Manganese Concentrations in Red Blood Cells of Smelting Workers: Search for Biomarkers of Manganese Exposure","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Evans, G.R., and Masullo, L.N. (2021, June 01). Manganese Toxicity. StatPearls. Available online: https:\/\/www.statpearls.com\/nurse\/ce\/activity\/40086."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.3.698","article-title":"Long-Term Progression in Chronic Manganism: Ten Years of Follow-Up","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000204114.01893.3e","article-title":"Effective Treatment of Manganese-Induced Occupational Parkinsonism with p-Aminosalicylic Acid: A Case of 17-Year Follow-up Study","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-410502-7.00013-2","article-title":"Manganese and the Brain","volume":"Volume 110","author":"Tuschl","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-008-0813-1","article-title":"Hepatic Cirrhosis, Dystonia, Polycythaemia and Hypermanganesaemia\u2014A New Metabolic Disorder","volume":"31","author":"Tuschl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1552-2","article-title":"Taurine Treatment Provides Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Manganism","volume":"190","author":"Ommati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi, N., Ghanbarinejad, V., Ommati, M.M., Jamshidzadeh, A., and Heidari, R. (2018). Taurine Prevents Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization and Swelling upon Interaction with Manganese: Implication in the Treatment of Cirrhosis-Associated Central Nervous System Complications. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 32.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22216"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C.L., Tang, S., Meng, Z.J., He, Y.Y., Song, L.Y., Liu, Y.P., Ma, N., Li, X.Y., and Guo, S.C. (2014). Taurine Improves the Spatial Learning and Memory Ability Impaired by Sub-Chronic Manganese Exposure. J. Biomed. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-21-51"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfx145","article-title":"Manganese and Rotenone-Induced Oxidative Stress Signatures Differ in IPSC-Derived Human Dopamine Neurons","volume":"159","author":"Neely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-0986-y","article-title":"Systematic Review of Quality of Life and Functional Outcomes in Randomized Placebo-Controlled Studies of Medications for Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"26","author":"Coghill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Magnus, W., Nazir, S., Anilkumar, A.C., and Shaban, K. (2021, June 01). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441838\/."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemper, A.R., Maslow, G.R., Hill, S., Namdari, B., LaPointe, N.M.A., Goode, A.P., Coeytaux, R.R., Befus, D., Kosinski, A.S., and Bowen, S.E. (2018). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER203"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"086001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1632","article-title":"Developmental Pbde Exposure and IQ\/ADHD in Childhood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"125","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S165378","article-title":"Association between Peripheral Manganese Levels and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Preliminary Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Shih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2012.01.009","article-title":"The Neurobiology and Genetics of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): What Every Clinician Should Know","volume":"16","author":"Cortese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2016.1130626","article-title":"Genetics of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Update","volume":"16","author":"Rohde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.02.021","article-title":"Interaction of Genes and Nutritional Factors in the Etiology of Autism and Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorders: A Case Control Study","volume":"82","author":"Field","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0131","article-title":"Prenatal Diet and Childhood ADHD: Exploring the Potential Role of IGF2 Methylation","volume":"8","author":"Cecil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2014.921933","article-title":"Diet in the Treatment of ADHD in Children-A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"69","author":"Andersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robberecht, H., Verlaet, A.A.J., Breynaert, A., De Bruyne, T., and Hermans, N. (2020). Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Copper and Selenium Status in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25194440"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verlaet, A.A.J., Maasakkers, C.M., Hermans, N., and Savelkoul, H.F.J. (2018). Rationale for Dietary Antioxidant Treatment of ADHD. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040405"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01352-2","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Dietary Patterns in Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP6391","article-title":"Exposure to Manganese in Drinking Water during Childhood and Association with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"128","author":"Schullehner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2017.08.02","article-title":"Pharmacologic Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Review for Practitioners","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolraich, M.L., Chan, E., Froehlich, T., Lynch, R.L., Bax, A., Redwine, S.T., Ihyembe, D., and Hagan, J.F. (2019). ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines: A Historical Perspective. Pediatrics, 144.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1682"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.15557\/AN.2020.0006","article-title":"Ephedrone Encephalopathy\u2014A Disease of 19th Century Miners in the Era of the Internet","volume":"20","author":"Siutka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aktual. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02110-z","article-title":"Subacute Administration of Both Methcathinone and Manganese Causes Basal Ganglia Damage in Mice Resembling That in Methcathinone Abusers","volume":"127","author":"Asser","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12173","article-title":"Manganese Encephalopathy among Ephedron Abusers-Case Reports","volume":"25","author":"Marianska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.007","article-title":"Cognitive Profile of Patients with Manganese-Methcathinone Encephalopathy","volume":"76","author":"Ennok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"305","article-title":"Zaburzenia Funkcji Poznawczych Spowodowane Nadmiern\u0105 Ekspozycj\u0105 Na Zwi\u0105zki Manganu. Zaburzenia Funkcji Poznawczych u Dozylnych Uzytkownik\u00f3w Preparat\u00f3w Efedronu (Metkatynonu)","volume":"49","author":"Habrat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv099","article-title":"Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism Is Not Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Environmental and Genetic Evidence","volume":"146","author":"Guilarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.01.017","article-title":"Mutations in SLC30A10 Cause Parkinsonism and Dystonia with Hypermanganesemia, Polycythemia, and Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"90","author":"Quadri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11601","article-title":"Mutations in SLC39A14 Disrupt Manganese Homeostasis and Cause Childhood-Onset Parkinsonism-Dystonia","volume":"7","author":"Tuschl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26202","article-title":"Manganese Transport Disorder: Novel SLC30A10 Mutations and Early Phenotypes","volume":"30","author":"Quadri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13184","article-title":"Hypermanganesemia with Dystonia, Polycythemia and Cirrhosis in 10 Patients: Six Novel SLC30A10 Mutations and Further Phenotype Delineation","volume":"93","author":"Zaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1608778","article-title":"Atypical Neurologic Phenotype and Novel SLC30A10 Mutation in Two Brothers with Hereditary Hypermanganesemia","volume":"49","author":"Gulab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.03.057","article-title":"Inherited Manganism: The \u201cCock-Walk\u201d Gait and Typical Neuroimaging Features","volume":"341","author":"Avelino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0942-y","article-title":"Genetic Disorders of Manganese Metabolism","volume":"19","author":"Anagianni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.07.015","article-title":"Erratum: Syndrome of Hepatic Cirrhosis, Dystonia, Polycythemia, and Hypermanganesemia Caused by Mutations in SLC30A10, a Manganese Transporter in Man","volume":"99","author":"Tuschl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2016.04.005","article-title":"Hypermanganesemia with Dystonia, Polycythemia and Cirrhosis (HMDPC) Due to Mutation in the SLC30A10 Gene","volume":"38","author":"Mukhtiar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.11.003","article-title":"SLC39A8 Deficiency: A Disorder of Manganese Transport and Glycosylation","volume":"97","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.11.002","article-title":"Autosomal-Recessive Intellectual Disability with Cerebellar Atrophy Syndrome Caused by Mutation of the Manganese and Zinc Transporter Gene SLC39A8","volume":"97","author":"Boycott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-016-0010-6","article-title":"A SLC39A8 Variant Causes Manganese Deficiency, and Glycosylation and Mitochondrial Disorders","volume":"40","author":"Riley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gox013","article-title":"Hepatic Encephalopathy","volume":"5","author":"Ferenci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02109357","article-title":"Manganese Toxicity, Dopaminergic Dysfunction and Hepatic Encephalopathy","volume":"10","author":"Butterworth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-010-9185-z","article-title":"Metal Toxicity, Liver Disease and Neurodegeneration","volume":"18","author":"Butterworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/642108","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy","volume":"2012","author":"Szczepanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-015-9746-1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: The Concept of Synergism Revisited","volume":"31","author":"Butterworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.116","article-title":"Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy","volume":"7","author":"Prakash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70457-9","article-title":"Manganese Deposition in Basal Ganglia Structures Results from Both Portal-Systemic Shunting and Liver Dysfunction","volume":"117","author":"Rose","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02109365","article-title":"Accumulation of Manganese and Copper in Pallidum of Cirrhotic Patients: Role in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy?","volume":"10","author":"Layrargues","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.10.001","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Hepatic Encephalopathy","volume":"5","author":"Chavarria","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008","article-title":"Brain Magnetic Resonance in Hepatic Encephalopathy","volume":"35","author":"Alonso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Ultrasound CT MRI"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240523","article-title":"Increased Blood Manganese in Cirrhotic Patients: Relationship to Pallidal Magnetic Resonance Signal Hyperintensity and Neurological Symptoms","volume":"24","author":"Spahr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600561","article-title":"Hepatic Encephalopathy","volume":"375","author":"Wijdicks","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2016.57759","article-title":"Nutrition Principles and Recommendations in Different Types of Hepatic Encephalopathy","volume":"4","author":"Simon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, H., Harischandra, D.S., Choi, C., Martin, D., Anantharam, V., Kanthasamy, A., and Kanthasamy, A.G. (2014). Chapter 23. Manganese and Prion Disease, RSC Publishing.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782622383-00574"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00522.x","article-title":"Aberrant Metal Binding by Prion Protein in Human Prion Disease","volume":"78","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00003","article-title":"Metal Dyshomeostasis and Their Pathological Role in Prion and Prion-like Diseases: The Basis for a Nutritional Approach","volume":"11","author":"Toni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13733","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211499109","article-title":"Disruption of Copper Homeostasis Due to a Mutation of Atp7a Delays the Onset of Prion Disease","volume":"109","author":"Siggs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2014.09.017","article-title":"Structural Determinants in Prion Protein Folding and Stability","volume":"426","author":"Benetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salzano, G., Giachin, G., and Legname, G. (2019). Structural Consequences of Copper Binding to the Prion Protein. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080770"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.6032","article-title":"Prion Protein and Copper Cooperatively Protect Neurons by Modulating NMDA Receptor through S-Nitrosylation","volume":"22","author":"Gasperini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.12.020","article-title":"Copper Is Toxic to PrP-Ablated Mice and Exacerbates Disease in a Mouse Model of E200K Genetic Prion Disease","volume":"45","author":"Canello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.07.051","article-title":"Role of Copper and Manganese in Prion Disease Progression","volume":"1292","author":"Mitteregger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-04-0317","article-title":"Modulation of Proteinase K-Resistant Prion Protein in Cells and Infectious Brain Homogenate by Redox Iron: Implications for Prion Replication and Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Basu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000197","article-title":"Clinical Update of Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320155","article-title":"CSF Neurogranin as a Neuronal Damage Marker in CJD: A Comparative Study with AD","volume":"90","author":"Blennow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.268901","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurogranin as a New Player in Prion Disease Diagnosis and Prognosis","volume":"15","author":"Zerr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060105","article-title":"Metals in Spinal Cord Tissue of Patients Dying of Motor Neuron Disease","volume":"6","author":"Kurlander","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00192","article-title":"The Impact of Cognitive and Behavioral Symptoms on ALS Patients and Their Caregivers","volume":"10","author":"Caga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2016.1267768","article-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis\u2014Frontotemporal Spectrum Disorder (ALS-FTSD): Revised Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"18","author":"Strong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Front. Degener."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00119","article-title":"Protein Quality Control and the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis\/Frontotemporal Dementia Continuum","volume":"10","author":"Shahheydari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/362059a0","article-title":"Mutations in Cu\/Zn Superoxide Dismutase Gene Are Associated with Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"362","author":"Rosen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15923","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112087200","article-title":"Decreased Metallation and Activity in Subsets of Mutant Superoxide Dismutases Associated with Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"277","author":"Hayward","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.186999","article-title":"Copper and Zinc Metallation Status of Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Transgenic Mice","volume":"286","author":"Lelie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.01.001","article-title":"Dysregulation of Intracellular Copper Homeostasis Is Common to Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Mutant Superoxide Dismutase-1s Regardless of Their Copper-Binding Abilities","volume":"54","author":"Tokuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01511.x","article-title":"The Copper Chelator D-Penicillamine Delays Onset of Disease and Extends Survival in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Hottinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7633","article-title":"Effects of an Inhibitor of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase, Desmethylselegiline, Trientine, and Lipoic Acid in Transgenic ALS Mice","volume":"168","author":"Andreassen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(02)00014-6","article-title":"The Efficacy of Trientine or Ascorbate Alone Compared to That of the Combined Treatment with These Two Agents in Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Model Mice","volume":"179","author":"Nagano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8021","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4196-13.2014","article-title":"Oral Treatment with CuII(Atsm) Increases Mutant SOD1 in Vivo but Protects Motor Neurons and Improves the Phenotype of a Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00527","article-title":"CuATSM Protects Against the in Vitro Cytotoxicity of Wild-Type-Like Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Mutants but Not Mutants That Disrupt Metal Binding","volume":"10","author":"Farrawell","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"(2021, June 08). Phase 1 Dose Escalation and PK Study of Cu(II)ATSM in ALS\/MND\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02870634."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikseresht, S., Hilton, J.B.W., Kysenius, K., Liddell, J.R., and Crouch, P.J. (2020). Copper-ATSM as a Treatment for ALS: Support from Mutant SOD1 Models and Beyond. Life, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/life10110271"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13413","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease: A Clinical Review","volume":"25","author":"McColgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45364","article-title":"The Importance of Integrating Basic and Clinical Research toward the Development of New Therapies for Huntington Disease","volume":"121","author":"Bates","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.09.006","article-title":"Trace Elements Profile in the Blood of Huntington\u2019 Disease Patients","volume":"57","author":"Squadrone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199805000-00001","article-title":"Huntington Disease","volume":"57","author":"Vonsattel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.02.027","article-title":"Complex Movement Behaviour and Progression of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"416","author":"Andrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60111-1","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"369","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3109","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"340","author":"Novak","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01975.x","article-title":"Cognitive Changes in Asymptomatic Carriers of the Huntington Disease Mutation Gene","volume":"14","author":"Verny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Kumar, V., Singh, K., Kumar, S., Kim, Y.S., Lee, Y.M., and Kim, J.J. (2020). Therapeutic Advances for Huntington\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10010043"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S138828","article-title":"Review of Deutetrabenazine: A Novel Treatment for Chorea Associated with Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Dean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_205","unstructured":"(2021, June 02). NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 91. Depression in Adults with a Chronic Physical Health Problem: Recognition and Management. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg91\/resources\/depression-in-adults-with-a-chronic-physical-health-problem-recognition-and-management-pdf-975744316357."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.03.051","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Clinical Depression: Stressor- and Cytokine-Induced Alterations of Neuroplasticity","volume":"135","author":"Hayley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.03.001","article-title":"Essential Elements in Depression and Anxiety. Part I","volume":"66","author":"Davies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.09.009","article-title":"Essential Elements in Depression and Anxiety. Part II","volume":"67","author":"Doboszewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura, M., Miura, A., Nagahata, T., Shibata, Y., Okada, E., and Ojima, T. (2019). Low Zinc, Copper, and Manganese Intake Is Associated with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in the Japanese Working Population: Findings from the Eating Habit and Well-Being Study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040847"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.09.015","article-title":"Effect of Intranasal Manganese Administration on Neurotransmission and Spatial Learning in Rats","volume":"265","author":"Piechal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouabid, S., Delaville, C., De Deurwaerd\u00e8re, P., Lakhdar-Ghazal, N., and Benazzouz, A. (2014). Manganese-Induced Atypical Parkinsonism Is Associated with Altered Basal Ganglia Activity and Changes in Tissue Levels of Monoamines in the Rat. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098952"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio-L\u00f3pez, N., Morales-Su\u00e1rez-Varela, M., Pico, Y., Livianos-Aldana, L., and Llopis-Gonz\u00e1lez, A. (2016). Nutrient Intake and Depression Symptoms in Spanish Children: The ANIVA Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13030352"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.01.016","article-title":"Manganese Intake Is Inversely Associated with Depressive Symptoms during Pregnancy in Japan: Baseline Data from the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study","volume":"211","author":"Miyake","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"CC04","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Major Depression","volume":"8","author":"Bajpai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagnostic Res."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T., Zhong, S., Liao, X., Chen, J., He, T., Lai, S., and Jia, Y. (2015). A Meta-Analysis of Oxidative Stress Markers in Depression. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138904"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2005.07.006","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutases and Their Impact upon Human Health","volume":"26","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/15\/7820\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:33:19Z","timestamp":1760164399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/15\/7820"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"references-count":216,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22157820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22157820","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]}}}