{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:40:27Z","timestamp":1770986427266,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA: CHVI Vaccine Discovery and Social Research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA: CHVI Vaccine Discovery and Social Research"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>FREM1 (Fras-related extracellular matrix 1) and its splice variant TILRR (Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor regulator) have been identified as integral components of innate immune systems. The potential involvement of FREM1 in HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1) acquisition was suggested by a genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of HIV-1 resistant and susceptible sex workers enrolled in the Pumwani sex worker cohort (PSWC) in Nairobi, Kenya. The studies showed that the minor allele of a FREM1 SNP rs1552896 is highly enriched in the HIV-1 resistant female sex workers. Subsequent studies showed that FREM1 mRNA is highly expressed in tissues relevant to mucosal HIV-1 infection, including cervical epithelial tissues, and TILRR is a major modulator of many genes in the NF-\u03baB signal transduction pathway. In this article, we review the role of FREM1 and TILRR in modulating inflammatory responses and inflammation, and how their influence on inflammatory responses of cervicovaginal tissue could enhance the risk of vaginal HIV-1 acquisition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T22:35:31Z","timestamp":1626993331000},"page":"7825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Potential Role of FREM1 and Its Isoform TILRR in HIV-1 Acquisition through Mediating Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-3676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Abul","family":"Kashem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongzhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lewis Ruxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binhua","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert Were","family":"Omange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis A.","family":"Plummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540701510581","article-title":"Let\u2018s stick together: The role of the Fras1 and Frem proteins in epidermal adhesion","volume":"59","author":"Short","year":"2007","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11981","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601011103","article-title":"Breakdown of the reciprocal stabilization of QBRICK\/Frem1, Fras1, and Frem2 at the basement membrane provokes Fraser syndrome-like defects","volume":"103","author":"Kiyozumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. 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