{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:14:36Z","timestamp":1791558876040,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017M3A9B6062027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M3A9B6062027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019M3C7A1031905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019M3C7A1031905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017M3C9A6047623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M3C9A6047623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) are types of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have been used as tissue engineering models for bone, cartilage, muscle, marrow stroma, tendon, fat and other connective tissues. Tissue regeneration materials composed of hADSCs have the potential to play an important role in reconstituting damaged tissue or diseased mesenchymal tissue. In this study, we assessed and investigated the osteogenesis of hADSCs in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. We confirmed that the hADSCs successfully differentiated into bone tissues by ARS staining and quantitative RT\u2013PCR. To gain insight into the detailed biological difference between the two culture conditions, we profiled the overall gene expression by analyzing the whole transcriptome sequencing data using various bioinformatic methods. We profiled the overall gene expression through RNA-Seq and further analyzed this using various bioinformatic methods. During differential gene expression testing, significant differences in the gene expressions between hADSCs cultured in 2D and 3D conditions were observed. The genes related to skeletal development, bone development and bone remodeling processes were overexpressed in the 3D culture condition as compared to the 2D culture condition. In summary, our RNA-Seq-based study proves effective in providing new insights that contribute toward achieving a genome-wide understanding of gene regulation in mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation and bone tissue regeneration within the 3D culture system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T04:19:30Z","timestamp":1627273170000},"page":"7939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Undergoing Osteogenesis in 2D and 3D Culture Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Byung-Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu Hwan","family":"Kwack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeewan","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5085-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e02-02-0105","article-title":"Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells","volume":"13","author":"Zuk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. 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