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ED_17-1-2017-0009)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Bionics Program (Project no. ED_17-1-2017-0009)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003549","name":"Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Higher Education Institutional Excellence Program \u2013 Therapeutic development OTKA120237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Higher Education Institutional Excellence Program \u2013 Therapeutic development OTKA120237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPD-222\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPD-222\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic alteration is characteristic during tumour growth and therapy; however, targeting metabolic rewiring could overcome therapy resistance. mTOR hyperactivity, autophagy and other metabolic processes, including mitochondrial functions, could be targeted in breast cancer progression. We investigated the growth inhibitory mechanism of rapamycin + doxycycline treatment in human breast cancer model systems. Cell cycle and cell viability, including apoptotic and necrotic cell death, were analysed using flow cytometry, caspase activity measurements and caspase-3 immunostainings. mTOR-, autophagy-, necroptosis-related proteins and treatment-induced morphological alterations were analysed by WesTM, Western blot, immunostainings and transmission electron microscopy. The rapamycin + doxycycline combination decreased tumour proliferation in about 2\/3rd of the investigated cell lines. The continuous treatment reduced tumour growth significantly both in vivo and in vitro. The effect after short-term treatment was reversible; however, autophagic vacuoles and degrading mitochondria were detected simultaneously, and the presence of mitophagy was also observed after the long-term rapamycin + doxycycline combination treatment. The rapamycin + doxycycline combination did not cause apoptosis or necrosis\/necroptosis, but the alterations in autophagy- and mitochondria-related protein levels (LC3-B-II\/I, p62, MitoTracker, TOM20 and certain co-stainings) were correlated to autophagy induction and mitophagy, without mitochondria repopulation. Based on these results, we suggest considering inducing metabolic stress and targeting mTOR hyperactivity and mitochondrial functions in combined anti-cancer treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1627388311000},"page":"8019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Rapamycin Plus Doxycycline Combination Affects Growth Arrest and Selective Autophagy-Dependent Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Titanilla","family":"Dank\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1957-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Pet\u0151v\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Sztankovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorottya","family":"Moldvai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Raffay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7374-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"L\u0151rincz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter s\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7962-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Visnovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikt\u00f3ria","family":"Zsiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, T\u0171zolt\u00f3 utca 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Barna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"M\u00e1rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3601-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"Krencz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8814-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sebesty\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31891-8","article-title":"Breast cancer","volume":"389","author":"Harbeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0199-y","article-title":"mTOR at the nexus of nutrition, growth, ageing and disease","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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