{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:53:27Z","timestamp":1790970807526,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB\/50011\/2020 and UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB\/50011\/2020 and UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) UID\/BIM\/04501\/2020."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) UID\/BIM\/04501\/2020."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are inorganic materials that have become a valuable tool for many industrial sectors, especially in healthcare, due to their versatility, unique intrinsic properties, and relatively inexpensive production cost. As a consequence of their wide applications, human exposure to MONPs has increased dramatically. More recently, their use has become somehow controversial. On one hand, MONPs can interact with cellular macromolecules, which makes them useful platforms for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. On the other hand, research suggests that these MONPs can cross the blood\u2013testis barrier and accumulate in the testis. Although it has been demonstrated that some MONPs have protective effects on male germ cells, contradictory reports suggest that these nanoparticles compromise male fertility by interfering with spermatogenesis. In fact, in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that exposure to MONPs could induce the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress, which is the main suggested molecular mechanism that leads to germ cells\u2019 toxicity. The latter results in subsequent damage to proteins, cell membranes, and DNA, which ultimately may lead to the impairment of the male reproductive system. The present manuscript overviews the therapeutic potential of MONPs and their biomedical applications, followed by a critical view of their potential risks in mammalian male fertility, as suggested by recent scientific literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T11:12:52Z","timestamp":1627470772000},"page":"8061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Evidence of Adverse Effects on the Male Reproductive System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Vassal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5862-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de Lourdes","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0205074","article-title":"Nanotechnology for the biologist","volume":"78","author":"McNeil","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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