{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:21:55Z","timestamp":1790634115291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010076","name":"Conseil R\u00e9gional Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOS0096690 & DOS0096734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOS0096690 & DOS0096734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016308","name":"Bpifrance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOS0096690 & DOS0096734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOS0096690 & DOS0096734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10-IAHU-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Netherlands Ministry of Defence","award":["TNO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TNO"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) are highly toxic compounds inhibiting cholinergic enzymes in the central and autonomic nervous systems and neuromuscular junctions, causing severe intoxications in humans. Medical countermeasures and efficient decontamination solutions are needed to counteract the toxicity of a wide spectrum of harmful OPNAs including G, V and Novichok agents. Here, we describe the use of engineered OPNA-degrading enzymes for the degradation of various toxic agents including insecticides, a series of OPNA surrogates, as well as real chemical warfare agents (cyclosarin, sarin, soman, tabun, VX, A230, A232, A234). We demonstrate that only two enzymes can degrade most of these molecules at high concentrations (25 mM) in less than 5 min. Using surface assays adapted from NATO AEP-65 guidelines, we further show that enzyme-based solutions can decontaminate 97.6% and 99.4% of 10 g\u2219m\u22122 of soman- and VX-contaminated surfaces, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate that these enzymes can degrade ethyl-paraoxon down to sub-inhibitory concentrations of acetylcholinesterase, confirming their efficacy from high to micromolar doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T10:47:46Z","timestamp":1627555666000},"page":"8152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Enzymatic Decontamination of G-Type, V-Type and Novichok Nerve Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pauline","family":"Jacquet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene&GreenTK, 19\u201321 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"R\u00e9my","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene&GreenTK, 19\u201321 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9667-3036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rowdy P. T.","family":"Bross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8469-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"van Grol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floriane","family":"Gaucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene&GreenTK, 19\u201321 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Chabri\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille (APHM), Unit\u00e9 Microbe Evolution Phylog\u00e9nie et Infection (MEPHI), 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martijn C.","family":"de Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0995-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Daud\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene&GreenTK, 19\u201321 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gupta, R.C. 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