{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T03:23:35Z","timestamp":1793849015350,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":437,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008997","name":"University of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UVic-FAPESP SPRINT 1\/2018 Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UVic-FAPESP SPRINT 1\/2018 Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG expansion in the HD gene. The disease is characterized by neurodegeneration, particularly in the striatum and cortex. The first symptoms usually appear in mid-life and include cognitive deficits and motor disturbances that progress over time. Despite being a genetic disorder with a known cause, several mechanisms are thought to contribute to neurodegeneration in HD, and numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies have been conducted and are currently underway to test the efficacy of therapeutic approaches targeting some of these mechanisms with varying degrees of success. Although current clinical trials may lead to the identification or refinement of treatments that are likely to improve the quality of life of those living with HD, major efforts continue to be invested at the pre-clinical level, with numerous studies testing novel approaches that show promise as disease-modifying strategies. This review offers a detailed overview of the currently approved treatment options for HD and the clinical trials for this neurodegenerative disorder that are underway and concludes by discussing potential disease-modifying treatments that have shown promise in pre-clinical studies, including increasing neurotropic support, modulating autophagy, epigenetic and genetic manipulations, and the use of nanocarriers and stem cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T08:47:52Z","timestamp":1628066872000},"page":"8363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":185,"title":["New Avenues for the Treatment of Huntington\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1170-5551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Island Medical Program and Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Lalonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Island Medical Program and Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Truesdell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"},{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0278-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla","family":"Gomes Welter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia S.","family":"Brocardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana R.","family":"Rosenstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4982-1662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Gil-Mohapel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Island Medical Program and Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1202","article-title":"The likelihood of being affected with huntington disease by a particular age, for a specific CAG size","volume":"60","author":"Brinkman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. 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