{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T06:00:34Z","timestamp":1777269634964,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI19\/00071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0008\/0026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008\/0026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-106498GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106498GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007801","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00e9neca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19881\/GERM\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19881\/GERM\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To analyze the course of microglial and macroglial activation in injured and contralateral retinas after unilateral optic nerve crush (ONC). Methods: The left optic nerve of adult pigmented C57Bl\/6 female mice was intraorbitally crushed and injured, and contralateral retinas were analyzed from 1 to 45 days post-lesion (dpl) in cross-sections and flat mounts. As controls, intact retinas were studied. Iba1+ microglial cells (MCs), activated phagocytic CD68+MCs and M2 CD206+MCs were quantified. Macroglial cell changes were analyzed by GFAP and vimentin signal intensity. Results: After ONC, MC density increased significantly from 5 to 21 dpl in the inner layers of injured retinas, remaining within intact values in the contralateral ones. However, in both retinas there was a significant and long-lasting increase of CD68+MCs. Constitutive CD206+MCs were rare and mostly found in the ciliary body and around the optic-nerve head. While in the injured retinas their number increased in the retina and ciliary body, in the contralateral retinas decreased. Astrocytes and M\u00fcller cells transiently hypertrophied in the injured retinas and to a lesser extent in the contralateral ones. Conclusions: Unilateral ONC triggers a bilateral and persistent activation of MCs and an opposed response of M2 MCs between both retinas. Macroglial hypertrophy is transient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T21:49:41Z","timestamp":1628459381000},"page":"8517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Axonal Injuries Cast Long Shadows: Long Term Glial Activation in Injured and Contralateral Retinas after Unilateral Axotomy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Riquelme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Oftalmolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9469-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caridad","family":"Galindo-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Oftalmolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8799-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Lucas-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Oftalmolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2026-6266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Oftalmolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristy T.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Oftalmolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Cabrera-Maqueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Oftalmolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Center of Neuroimmunology and Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1236-7702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Norte-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Oftalmolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-1615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Vidal-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Oftalmolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8566-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Agudo-Barriuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Oftalmolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca 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