{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:41:44Z","timestamp":1791355304473,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIHR Foundation Grant FDN-143341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR Foundation Grant FDN-143341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIHR Canada Research Chair 950-200955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR Canada Research Chair 950-200955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004073","name":"Killam Trusts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project number 10001203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project number 10001203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9 P41 GM103622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9 P41 GM103622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our purpose was to use small-angle X-ray diffraction to investigate the structural changes within sarcomeres at steady-state isometric contraction following active lengthening and shortening, compared to purely isometric contractions performed at the same final lengths. We examined force, stiffness, and the 1,0 and 1,1 equatorial and M3 and M6 meridional reflections in skinned rabbit psoas bundles, at steady-state isometric contraction following active lengthening to a sarcomere length of 3.0 \u00b5m (15.4% initial bundle length at 7.7% bundle length\/s), and active shortening to a sarcomere length of 2.6 \u00b5m (15.4% bundle length at 7.7% bundle length\/s), and during purely isometric reference contractions at the corresponding sarcomere lengths. Compared to the reference contraction, the isometric contraction after active lengthening was associated with an increase in force (i.e., residual force enhancement) and M3 spacing, no change in stiffness and the intensity ratio I1,1\/I1,0, and decreased lattice spacing and M3 intensity. Compared to the reference contraction, the isometric contraction after active shortening resulted in decreased force, stiffness, I1,1\/I1,0, M3 and M6 spacings, and M3 intensity. This suggests that residual force enhancement is achieved without an increase in the proportion of attached cross-bridges, and that force depression is accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of attached cross-bridges. Furthermore, the steady-state isometric contraction following active lengthening and shortening is accompanied by an increase in cross-bridge dispersion and\/or a change in the cross-bridge conformation compared to the reference contractions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T21:49:41Z","timestamp":1628459381000},"page":"8526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Effect of Active Lengthening and Shortening on Small-Angle X-ray Reflections in Skinned Skeletal Muscle Fibres"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Venus","family":"Joumaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5269-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsuki","family":"Fukutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9535-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weikang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biophysics Collaborative Access Team (BioCAT), Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srboljub M.","family":"Mijailovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4848-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biophysics Collaborative Access Team (BioCAT), Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004733","article-title":"The Force Exerted by Active Striated Muscle during and after Change of Length","volume":"117","author":"Abbott","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. 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