{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:33:36Z","timestamp":1788521616995,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Unit FOR-2558 \u201cTraceAge\u201d (Scho 849\/6-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Unit FOR-2558 \u201cTraceAge\u201d (Scho 849\/6-2)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC\/TR 296 \u201cLocal control of TH action\u201d (LocoTact, P17)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC\/TR 296 \u201cLocal control of TH action\u201d (LocoTact, P17)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The trace element selenium (Se) is an essential part of the human diet; moreover, increased health risks have been observed with Se deficiency. A sufficiently high Se status is a prerequisite for adequate immune response, and preventable endemic diseases are known from areas with Se deficiency. Biomarkers of Se status decline strongly in pregnancy, severe illness, or COVID-19, reaching critically low concentrations. Notably, these conditions are associated with an increased risk for autoimmune disease (AID). Positive effects on the immune system are observed with Se supplementation in pregnancy, autoimmune thyroid disease, and recovery from severe illness. However, some studies reported null results; the database is small, and randomized trials are sparse. The current need for research on the link between AID and Se deficiency is particularly obvious for rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Despite these gaps in knowledge, it seems timely to realize that severe Se deficiency may trigger AID in susceptible subjects. Improved dietary choices or supplemental Se are efficient ways to avoid severe Se deficiency, thereby decreasing AID risk and improving disease course. A personalized approach is needed in clinics and during therapy, while population-wide measures should be considered for areas with habitual low Se intake. Finland has been adding Se to its food chain for more than 35 years\u2014a wise and commendable decision, according to today\u2019s knowledge. It is unfortunate that the health risks of Se deficiency are often neglected, while possible side effects of Se supplementation are exaggerated, leading to disregard for this safe and promising preventive and adjuvant treatment options. This is especially true in the follow-up situations of pregnancy, severe illness, or COVID-19, where massive Se deficiencies have developed and are associated with AID risk, long-lasting health impairments, and slow recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T21:49:41Z","timestamp":1628459381000},"page":"8532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Selenium Deficiency Due to Diet, Pregnancy, Severe Illness, or COVID-19\u2014A Preventable Trigger for Autoimmune Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9445-1555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutz","family":"Schomburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Institut f\u00fcr Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Cardiovascular\u2013Metabolic\u2013Renal (CMR)-Research Center, Hessische Stra\u00dfe 3-4, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.11.3565-3576.2002","article-title":"How selenium has altered our understanding of the genetic code","volume":"22","author":"Hatfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X.M., Carlson, B.A., Mix, H., Zhang, Y., Saira, K., Glass, R.S., Berry, M.J., Gladyshev, V.N., and Hatfield, D.L. (2007). Biosynthesis of selenocysteine on its tRNA in eukaryotes. PLoS Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.21.5.A113-c"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1999.tb00403.x","article-title":"Selenocysteine inserting tRNAs: An overview","volume":"23","author":"Commans","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01602-09","article-title":"Mammalian ALKBH8 possesses tRNA methyltransferase activity required for the biogenesis of multiple wobble uridine modifications implicated in translational decoding","volume":"30","author":"Leihne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.1.44","article-title":"Catalytic properties of selenophosphate synthetases: Comparison of the selenocysteine-containing enzyme from Haemophilus influenzae with the corresponding cysteine-containing enzyme from Escherichia coli","volume":"96","author":"Lacourciere","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(82)90318-X","article-title":"A selenocysteine-containing selenium-transport protein in rat plasma","volume":"719","author":"Motsenbocker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.03.015","article-title":"Hierarchical regulation of selenoprotein expression and sex-specific effects of selenium","volume":"1790","author":"Schomburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071714-034250","article-title":"Regulation of Selenium Metabolism and Transport","volume":"35","author":"Burk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14093509","article-title":"Mouse models targeting selenocysteine tRNA expression for elucidating the role of selenoproteins in health and development","volume":"14","author":"Carlson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.05.001","article-title":"Transgenic mouse models for the vital selenoenzymes cytosolic thioredoxin reductase, mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase 4","volume":"1790","author":"Conrad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz218","article-title":"Tolerance to Selenoprotein Loss Differs between Human and Mouse","volume":"37","author":"Santesmasses","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600424","article-title":"Why 21? The significance of selenoproteins for human health revealed by inborn errors of metabolism","volume":"30","author":"Schweizer","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01569a087","article-title":"Selenium as an integral part of Factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration","volume":"79","author":"Schwarz","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1954.tb36465.x","article-title":"Factors protecting against dietary necrotic liver degeneration","volume":"57","author":"Schwarz","year":"1954","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.03.031","article-title":"The labour pains of biochemical selenology: The history of selenoprotein biosynthesis","volume":"1790","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.048","article-title":"Selenium Utilization by GPX4 Is Required to Prevent Hydroperoxide-Induced Ferroptosis","volume":"172","author":"Ingold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0173-8","article-title":"Mitochondria as multifaceted regulators of cell death","volume":"21","author":"Bock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Bio."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2973","article-title":"Selenium and selenoproteins in health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Papp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.572","article-title":"Consequences of mutations and inborn errors of selenoprotein biosynthesis and functions","volume":"127","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8097","article-title":"Human Disorders Affecting the Selenocysteine Incorporation Pathway Cause Systemic Selenoprotein Deficiency","volume":"33","author":"Schoenmakers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1654","article-title":"Mutations in SECISBP2 result in abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism","volume":"37","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0397","article-title":"Selenium supplementation fails to correct the selenoprotein synthesis defect in subjects with SBP2 gene mutations","volume":"19","author":"Schomburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4220","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI43653","article-title":"Mutations in the selenocysteine insertion sequence-binding protein 2 gene lead to a multisystem selenoprotein deficiency disorder in humans","volume":"120","author":"Schoenmakers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1457S","article-title":"Selenium in the immune system","volume":"133","author":"Arthur","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.154","article-title":"An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status","volume":"80","author":"Broome","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:81:3:189","article-title":"The effects of dietary selenium on the immune system in healthy men","volume":"81","author":"Hawkes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700330","article-title":"The influence of selenium on immune responses","volume":"52","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb00140.x","article-title":"Advances in understanding selenium\u2019s role in the immune system","volume":"587","author":"Spallholz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avery, J.C., and Hoffmann, P.R. (2018). Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Immunity. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091203"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520003128","article-title":"Selenium and viral infection: Are there lessons for COVID-19?","volume":"125","author":"Bermano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8166com","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in the human selenoprotein P gene determine the response of selenoprotein markers to selenium supplementation in a gender-specific manner (the SELGEN study)","volume":"21","author":"Meplan","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedirko, V., Jenab, M., Meplan, C., Jones, J.S., Zhu, W., Schomburg, L., Siddiq, A., Hybsier, S., Overvad, K., and Tjonneland, A. (2019). Association of Selenoprotein and Selenium Pathway Genotypes with Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Interaction with Selenium Status. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040935"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shibata, T., Arisawa, T., Tahara, T., Ohkubo, M., Yoshioka, D., Maruyama, N., Fujita, H., Kamiya, Y., Nakamura, M., and Nagasaka, M. (2009). Selenoprotein S (SEPS1) gene -105G>A promoter polymorphism influences the susceptibility to gastric cancer in the Japanese population. BMC Gastroenterol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-9-2"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv043","article-title":"Genetic adaptation to levels of dietary selenium in recent human history","volume":"32","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7053621","article-title":"Selenium and chronic diseases: A nutritional genomics perspective","volume":"7","author":"Meplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadkol, S., and Diamond, A.M. (2020). The Interaction between Dietary Selenium Intake and Genetics in Determining Cancer Risk and Outcome. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082424"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000039","article-title":"Polymorphisms affecting trace element bioavailability","volume":"80","author":"Mathers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E719","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3539","article-title":"A Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of the Selenoprotein S Gene (SEPS1) Contributes to Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis Susceptibility","volume":"99","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0230","article-title":"Decreased Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody Titer in Response to Selenium Supplementation in Autoimmune Thyroiditis and the Influence of a Selenoprotein P Gene Polymorphism: A Prospective, Multicenter Study in China","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508939830","article-title":"Food-chain selenium and human health: Emphasis on intake","volume":"100","author":"Rayman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-019-00150-4","article-title":"The other view: The trace element selenium as a micronutrient in thyroid disease, diabetes, and beyond","volume":"19","author":"Schomburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.16.04918-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of iodine deficiency","volume":"108","author":"Vanderpump","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010001072","article-title":"Nutrition policy in Finland","volume":"13","author":"Pietinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.04.009","article-title":"Effects of nationwide addition of selenium to fertilizers on foods, and animal and human health in Finland: From deficiency to optimal selenium status of the population","volume":"31","author":"Alfthan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2005.02.009","article-title":"Biogeochemistry of selenium and its impact on food chain quality and human health","volume":"18","author":"Hartikainen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-007-0036-4","article-title":"Mechanisms by which selenium influences immune responses","volume":"55","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2000280","article-title":"Selenium in global food systems","volume":"85","author":"Combs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041122","article-title":"Selenium and prostate cancer prevention: Insights from the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT)","volume":"5","author":"Nicastro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.01.066","article-title":"Bioaccessible selenium in Italian agricultural soils: Comparison of the biogeochemical approach with a regression model based on geochemical and pedoclimatic variables","volume":"376","author":"Spadoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.06.024","article-title":"Selenium in food and the human body: A review","volume":"400","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belhadj, M., Kazi Tani, L.S., Dennouni Medjati, N., Harek, Y., Dali Sahi, M., Sun, Q., Heller, R., Behar, A., Charlet, L., and Schomburg, L. (2020). Se Status Prediction by Food Intake as Compared to Circulating Biomarkers in a West Algerian Population. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123599"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0950","article-title":"Effects of chemical form of selenium on plasma biomarkers in a high-dose human supplementation trial","volume":"15","author":"Burk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042209","article-title":"Biomarkers of selenium status","volume":"7","author":"Combs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510002618","article-title":"The choice of biomarkers determines the selenium status in young German vegans and vegetarians","volume":"104","author":"Hoeflich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.02.011","article-title":"Toenail and plasma levels as biomarkers of selenium exposure","volume":"16","author":"Satia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, R.M., and Sunde, R.A. (2016). Selenoprotein Transcript Level and Enzyme Activity as Biomarkers for Selenium Status and Selenium Requirements in the Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151665"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.01.005","article-title":"Serum selenium and serum lipids in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003\u20132004","volume":"210","author":"Laclaustra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7031494","article-title":"A review of dietary selenium intake and selenium status in Europe and the Middle East","volume":"7","author":"Stoffaneller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540240035027","article-title":"Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group","volume":"276","author":"Clark","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1437","article-title":"Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"306","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2003.04167.x","article-title":"Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: An analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial","volume":"91","author":"Dalkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1124\/mi.9.1.6","article-title":"The Outcome of Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) reveals the need for better understanding of selenium biology","volume":"9","author":"Hatfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Interv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2010.509833","article-title":"A nutrient approach to prostate cancer prevention: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"62","author":"Dunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"CD005195","article-title":"Selenium for preventing cancer","volume":"5","author":"Dennert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4978","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064978","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Sodium Selenite in the Treatment of Patients with Carcinoma in a Phase I Clinical Trial: The SECAR Study","volume":"7","author":"Brodin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2020.100843","article-title":"Superoxide-mediated ferroptosis in human cancer cells induced by sodium selenite","volume":"13","author":"Subburayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0224-7","article-title":"Selenium detoxification is required for cancer-cell survival","volume":"2","author":"Carlisle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064199","article-title":"Selenium cycling across soil-plant-atmosphere interfaces: A critical review","volume":"7","author":"Winkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611576114","article-title":"Selenium deficiency risk predicted to increase under future climate change","volume":"114","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13963","article-title":"Selenium in sepsis--substitution, supplementation or pro-oxidative bolus?","volume":"18","author":"Schomburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28169","article-title":"Establishing optimal selenium status: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Hurst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodin, O., Hackler, J., Misra, S., Wendt, S., Sun, Q., Laaf, E., Stoppe, C., Bjornstedt, M., and Schomburg, L. (2020). Selenoprotein P as Biomarker of Selenium Status in Clinical Trials with Therapeutic Dosages of Selenite. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041067"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511004715","article-title":"Differential responses to selenomethionine supplementation by sex and genotype in healthy adults","volume":"107","author":"Combs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27230F","article-title":"Methods of assessment of selenium status in humans: A systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Ashton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102649","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: An update on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic protocols, therapeutic strategies, and potential malignant transformation","volume":"19","author":"Ralli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979167","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/979167","article-title":"Immune disorders in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: What do we know so far?","volume":"2015","author":"Pyzik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1480309","article-title":"Association of selenium with thyroid volume and echostructure in 35- to 60-year-old French adults","volume":"148","author":"Derumeaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1026","article-title":"Selenium status, thyroid volume and multiple nodule formation in an area with mild iodine deficiency","volume":"164","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2222","article-title":"Low Population Selenium Status Is Associated with Increased Prevalence of Thyroid Disease","volume":"100","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700465","article-title":"On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health","volume":"52","author":"Schomburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Huang, H., Zeng, J., and Sun, C. (2013). Thyroid volume, goiter prevalence, and selenium levels in an iodine-sufficient area: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1153"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2017.08.005","article-title":"Severe selenium deficits in pregnant women irrespective of autoimmune thyroid disease in an area with marginal selenium intake","volume":"44","author":"Ambroziak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-01958-1","article-title":"Selenium supplementation in the management of thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy: Results of the \u201cSERENA study\u201d, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Mantovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varsi, K., Bolann, B., Torsvik, I., Rosvold Eik, T.C., Hol, P.J., and Bjorke-Monsen, A.L. (2017). Impact of Maternal Selenium Status on Infant Outcome during the First 6 Months of Life. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050486"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"8","article-title":"Autoimmune Abnormalities of Postpartum Thyroid Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Granese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1821","article-title":"The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies","volume":"92","author":"Negro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"185","article-title":"Graves\u2019 Disease","volume":"376","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"J254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.12.001","article-title":"Sex differences and genomics in autoimmune diseases","volume":"38","author":"Amur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.174","article-title":"Selenium, selenoproteins and the thyroid gland: Interactions in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Schomburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0311-6","article-title":"Selenium in thyroid disorders\u2014Essential knowledge for clinicians","volume":"16","author":"Winther","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittag, J., Behrends, T., Hoefig, C.S., Vennstrom, B., and Schomburg, L. (2010). Thyroid hormones regulate selenoprotein expression and selenium status in mice. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012931"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01713","article-title":"Role of Selenium Intake for Risk and Development of Hyperthyroidism","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60269-5","article-title":"Epigenetics in health and disease: Heralding the EWAS era","volume":"383","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3449-2_1","article-title":"Epigenetics in Health and Disease","volume":"1253","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02279","article-title":"Sex Hormones in Acquired Immunity and Autoimmune Disease","volume":"9","author":"Moulton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"e8094","article-title":"The Prevalence of Autoimmune Disorders in Women: A Narrative Review","volume":"12","author":"Angum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2019.108270","article-title":"Autoimmunity in women: An eXamination of eXisting models","volume":"210","author":"Yuen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2019.103996","article-title":"Matters of life and death: How estrogen and estrogen receptor binding to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus may influence outcomes of infection, allergy, and autoimmune disease","volume":"346","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"205","article-title":"Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases","volume":"52","author":"Ortona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Ist Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012985","article-title":"Selenium and the course of mild Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"364","author":"Marcocci","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608428","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.608428","article-title":"Selenium in the Treatment of Graves\u2019 Hyperthyroidism and Eye Disease","volume":"11","author":"Lanzolla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736161","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/736161","article-title":"The evolving role of selenium in the treatment of graves\u2019 disease and ophthalmopathy","volume":"2012","author":"Duntas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Thyroid Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4942-x","article-title":"Early-life factors contributing to type 1 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Craig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.99","article-title":"Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: Current knowledge and implications for management","volume":"13","author":"Buzzetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-018-0496-z","article-title":"Metabolic Control in Type 1 Diabetes: Is Adjunctive Therapy the Way Forward?","volume":"9","author":"Warnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001071","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001071","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and mortality of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Denmark 1996\u20132016","volume":"8","author":"Carstensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2014.09.007","article-title":"Phenotypic heterogeneity in monogenic diabetes: The clinical and diagnostic utility of a gene panel-based next-generation sequencing approach","volume":"113","author":"Carmody","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2643","article-title":"Heterogeneity in recent-onset type 1 diabetes\u2014A clinical trial perspective","volume":"31","author":"Bollyky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2907","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2907","article-title":"Clinical heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes (T1D) found in Asia","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1159\/000354219","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in neonates and infants: Genetic heterogeneity, clinical approach to diagnosis, and therapeutic options","volume":"80","author":"Ellard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30051-2","article-title":"Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: A data-driven cluster analysis of six variables","volume":"6","author":"Ahlqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy099","article-title":"Higher Plasma Selenium Concentrations Are Associated with Increased Odds of Prevalent Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"148","author":"Kohler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.12.005","article-title":"Association between serum selenium level and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in U.S. population","volume":"52","author":"Moon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02283-9","article-title":"Factors Influencing Selenium Concentration in Community-Dwelling Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"199","author":"Xi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5061937","article-title":"The relationship between selenoprotein P and glucose metabolism in experimental studies","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.06.143","article-title":"Attenuation of hepatic expression and secretion of selenoprotein P by metformin","volume":"387","author":"Speckmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101709","article-title":"Selenium deficiency is linearly associated with hypoglycemia in healthy adults","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohler, L.N., Foote, J., Kelley, C.P., Florea, A., Shelly, C., Chow, H.S., Hsu, P., Batai, K., Ellis, N., and Saboda, K. (2018). Selenium and Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121924"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12670","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of selenium supplementation for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Strozyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1984.tb09907.x","article-title":"Elevated serum selenium in diabetic children","volume":"73","author":"Ewald","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S157348","article-title":"Trace elements and oxidative stress in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Alghobashy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"8","article-title":"Limited usefulness of essential trace element analyses in hair","volume":"19","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/37074","article-title":"Trace elements, magnesium, and the efficacy of antioxidant systems in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in their siblings","volume":"23","author":"Salmonowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-018-00167-z","article-title":"Total plasma magnesium, zinc, copper and selenium concentrations in type-I and type-II diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Sobczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-3271-3_28","article-title":"Customized cell-based treatment options to combat autoimmunity and restore beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Current protocols and future perspectives","volume":"654","author":"Fandrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0213-9","article-title":"Targeting innate immune mediators in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Donath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1863","article-title":"Identification of iopanoic acid as substrate of type 1 deiodinase by a novel nonradioactive iodide-release assay","volume":"153","author":"Renko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2000.1735","article-title":"Selenoprotein P: Properties, functions, and regulation","volume":"376","author":"Mostert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20091868","article-title":"Selenium controls the sex-specific immune response and selenoprotein expression during the acute-phase response in mice","volume":"429","author":"Stoedter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem.J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02790138","article-title":"Serum selenium levels in diabetic children. A followup study during selenium-enriched agricultural fertilization in Finland","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.1","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"4","author":"Smolen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.115","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: Circadian and circannual rhythms in RA","volume":"7","author":"Cutolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0307-6","article-title":"Nonendocrine mechanisms of sex bias in rheumatic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Lambert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.50.6.376","article-title":"Serum selenium concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"50","author":"Palmer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Hackler, J., Hilger, J., Gluschke, H., Muric, A., Simmons, S., Schomburg, L., and Siegert, E. (2020). Selenium and Copper as Biomarkers for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Systemic Sclerosis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061894"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0558-2","article-title":"The Association Between Serum Selenium Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"172","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.07.007","article-title":"Common trace metals in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.012502.114457","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin metabolism and function","volume":"22","author":"Hellman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126437","article-title":"Copper and selenium status as biomarkers of neonatal infections","volume":"58","author":"Hackler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Franco, P., Laura, F., Valentina, C., Simona, A., Gloria, A., and Eleonora, N. (2020). Interleukin-6 in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0277-8","article-title":"The IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in rheumatic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Dinarello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8063","article-title":"Selenocompounds and Sepsis: Redox Bypass Hypothesis for Early Diagnosis and Treatment: Part A-Early Acute Phase of Sepsis: An Extraordinary Redox Situation (Leukocyte\/Endothelium Interaction Leading to Endothelial Damage)","volume":"35","author":"Forceville","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520140116","article-title":"Selenium: A key element that controls NF-kappa B activation and I kappa B alpha half life","volume":"14","author":"Arrigo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7931","article-title":"Selenoprotein T: An Essential Oxidoreductase Serving as a Guardian of Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Pothion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20170920","article-title":"Emerging roles of endoplasmic reticulum-resident selenoproteins in the regulation of cellular stress responses and the implications for metabolic disease","volume":"475","author":"Addinsall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21288","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003847117","article-title":"Selenoprotein N is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium sensor that links luminal calcium levels to a redox activity","volume":"117","author":"Chernorudskiy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, B., Liu, M., Ni, J., and Tian, J. (2018). Role of Selenoprotein F in Protein Folding and Secretion: Potential Involvement in Human Disease. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111619"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.011","article-title":"Selenoprotein V protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative injury induced by pro-oxidants","volume":"160","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1655","article-title":"Genetic variation in selenoprotein S influences inflammatory response","volume":"37","author":"Curran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.090001","article-title":"Evidence of epistasis between interleukin 1 and selenoprotein-S with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"68","author":"Marinou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.05.001","article-title":"Effect of anti-rheumatic treatment on selenium levels in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"49","author":"Deyab","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711797379249","article-title":"Selenium and clinical trials: New therapeutic evidence for multiple diseases","volume":"18","author":"Sanmartin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780301012","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in normal subjects: Effects of long-term selenium supplementation","volume":"30","author":"Tarp","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/030097401316909549","article-title":"Selenium supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis investigated in a double blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Peretz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1220724","article-title":"Selenium and inflammation: Underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms","volume":"41","author":"Duntas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-115","article-title":"The chronic autoimmune thyroiditis quality of life selenium trial (CATALYST): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Winther","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-119","article-title":"Selenium supplementation for patients with Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism (the GRASS trial): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Watt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4145","article-title":"The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2020.1717430","article-title":"Selenium and selenoproteins in prostanoid metabolism and immunity","volume":"54","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36149-x","article-title":"Sodium selenite inhibits deoxynivalenol-induced injury in GPX1-knockdown porcine splenic lymphocytes in culture","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140857","article-title":"T cell lipid peroxidation induces ferroptosis and prevents immunity to infection","volume":"212","author":"Matsushita","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa200","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa200","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone and Deiodination in Innate Immune Cells","volume":"162","author":"Fliers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05230-2","article-title":"Selenoprotein MsrB1 promotes anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in macrophages and controls immune response in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5562","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600204113","article-title":"Selenoprotein H is an essential regulator of redox homeostasis that cooperates with p53 in development and tumorigenesis","volume":"113","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101170","article-title":"Upregulated ethanolamine phospholipid synthesis via selenoprotein I is required for effective metabolic reprogramming during T cell activation","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002878","article-title":"Selenoprotein K knockout mice exhibit deficient calcium flux in immune cells and impaired immune responses","volume":"186","author":"Verma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070165","article-title":"Selenophosphate synthetase 2 is essential for selenoprotein biosynthesis","volume":"404","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.04.009","article-title":"Role of Selenof as a Gatekeeper of Secreted Disulfide-Rich Glycoproteins","volume":"23","author":"Yim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307843","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction, and A Prothrombotic, Proinflammatory Phenotype Is Caused by Loss of Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Reductase in Endothelium","volume":"36","author":"Kirsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2865","article-title":"Structure-function relations, physiological roles, and evolution of mammalian ER-resident selenoproteins","volume":"12","author":"Shchedrina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9368-8","article-title":"Risk assessment for human health in a seleniferous area, Shuang\u2019an, China","volume":"24","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci Pollut. Res. Int"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.08.006","article-title":"Comparison of different selenocompounds with respect to nutritional value vs. toxicity using liver cells in culture","volume":"22","author":"Hoefig","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030210153578","article-title":"Metabolic pathway for selenium in the body: Speciation by HPLC-ICP MS with enriched Se","volume":"19","author":"Suzuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/37.5.872","article-title":"Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2015.07.005","article-title":"Revised reference values for selenium intake","volume":"32","author":"Kipp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711404142","article-title":"Acute selenium toxicosis in polo ponies","volume":"23","author":"Desta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn Investig."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041024","article-title":"Selenium toxicity from a misformulated dietary supplement, adverse health effects, and the temporal response in the nail biologic monitor","volume":"5","author":"Morris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1148","article-title":"Chronic exposure to high doses of selenium in the first trimester of pregnancy: Case report and brief literature review","volume":"110","author":"Apicella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126435","article-title":"Acute human toxicity and mortality after selenium ingestion: A review","volume":"58","author":"Hadrup","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00831-y","article-title":"The thymus and the science of self","volume":"43","author":"Geenen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1159\/000107673","article-title":"Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function","volume":"51","author":"Wintergerst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.11.006","article-title":"Selenoproteins as regulators of T cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism","volume":"115","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sem Cell Dev. Biol"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29364","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.46.29364","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of the human selenoprotein P promoter. Response of selenoprotein P expression to cytokines in liver cells","volume":"272","author":"Dreher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.8.1764","article-title":"Changes in the concentrations of plasma selenium and selenoproteins after minor elective surgery: Further evidence for a negative acute phase response?","volume":"44","author":"Nichol","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-119370","article-title":"Down-regulation of the hepatic selenoprotein biosynthesis machinery impairs selenium metabolism during the acute phase response in mice","volume":"23","author":"Renko","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595282","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.595282","article-title":"Hepatic-Specific Decrease in the Expression of Selenoenzymes and Factors Essential for Selenium Processing After Endotoxemia","volume":"11","author":"Sherlock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghaddam, A., Heller, R.A., Sun, Q., Seelig, J., Cherkezov, A., Seibert, L., Hackler, J., Seemann, P., Diegmann, J., and Pilz, M. (2020). Selenium Deficiency Is Associated with Mortality Risk from COVID-19. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0113.v1"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199809000-00021","article-title":"Selenium, systemic immune response syndrome, sepsis, and outcome in critically ill patients","volume":"26","author":"Forceville","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, H.A., Endermann, T., Stephan, C., Stoedter, M., Behrends, T., Wolff, I., Jung, K., and Schomburg, L. (2012). Selenoprotein P Status Correlates to Cancer-Specific Mortality in Renal Cancer Patients. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046644"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gul-Klein, S., Haxhiraj, D., Seelig, J., Kastner, A., Hackler, J., Sun, Q., Heller, R.A., Lachmann, N., Pratschke, J., and Schmelzle, M. (2021). Serum Selenium Status as a Diagnostic Marker for the Prognosis of Liver Transplantation. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020619"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102289","article-title":"Identification of VIMP as a gene inhibiting cytokine production in human CD4+ effector T cells","volume":"24","author":"Capelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109878","article-title":"Selenium supplementation in the prevention of coronavirus infections (COVID-19)","volume":"143","author":"Kieliszek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Notz, Q., Herrmann, J., Schlesinger, T., Helmer, P., Sudowe, S., Sun, Q., Hackler, J., Roeder, D., Lotz, C., and Meybohm, P. (2021). Clinical Significance of Micronutrient Supplementation in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients with Severe ARDS. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062113"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2020.1766181","article-title":"Consideration of prevention and management of long-term consequences of post-acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19","volume":"36","author":"Candan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Nalbandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02608","article-title":"Triggers of Autoimmunity: The Role of Bacterial Infections in the Extracellular Exposure of Lupus Nuclear Autoantigens","volume":"10","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornstein, S.R., Voit-Bak, K., Donate, T., Rodionov, R.N., Gainetdinov, R.R., Tselmin, S., Kanczkowski, W., Muller, G.M., Achleitner, M., and Wang, J. (2021). Chronic post-COVID-19 syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome: Is there a role for extracorporeal apheresis?. Mol. Psychiatry, in press.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01148-4"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muecke, R., Micke, O., Schomburg, L., Buentzel, J., Kisters, K., and Adamietz, I.A. (2018). Selenium in Radiation Oncology-15 Years of Experiences in Germany. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040483"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00991","article-title":"Immunological Bases of Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"11","author":"Yshii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001344","article-title":"Selenium and Selenoprotein P Deficiency Correlates With Complications and Adverse Outcome After Major Trauma","volume":"53","author":"Braunstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339800700214","article-title":"The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, 1998. A review of the clinical features, possible pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Asherson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.09.012","article-title":"Massive copper and selenium losses cause life-threatening deficiencies during prolonged continuous renal replacement","volume":"34","author":"Charriere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00542","article-title":"Bullous Pemphigoid Triggered by Thermal Burn Under Medication with a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitor: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"9","author":"Mai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051528","article-title":"Serum selenium determinants in French adults: The SU.VI.M.AX study","volume":"95","author":"Arnaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.01.001","article-title":"Smoke and autoimmunity: The fire behind the disease","volume":"15","author":"Perricone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.05.013","article-title":"Selenium blood concentrations in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery and receiving perioperative sodium selenite","volume":"29","author":"Stoppe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2019.100024","article-title":"Autoantibodies production and immunological abnormalities after bariatric surgery","volume":"2","author":"Tobon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104131","article-title":"Humoral autoimmunity after solid organ transplantation: Germinal ideas may not be natural","volume":"354","author":"Siu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8532\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:42:33Z","timestamp":1760164953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]]},"references-count":208,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22168532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22168532","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]]}}}