{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:04:32Z","timestamp":1792814672526,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI20C0253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI20C0253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A2C1004397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1004397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The functional neural circuits are partially repaired after an ischemic stroke in the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, neurovascular units, including neurons, endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes maintain homeostasis; however, these cellular networks are damaged after an ischemic stroke. The present review discusses the repair potential of stem cells (i.e., mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial precursor cells, and neural stem cells) and gaseous molecules (i.e., nitric oxide and carbon monoxide) with respect to neuroprotection in the acute phase and regeneration in the late phase after an ischemic stroke. Commonly shared molecular mechanisms in the neurovascular unit are associated with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its related factors. Stem cells and gaseous molecules may exert therapeutic effects by diminishing VEGF-mediated vascular leakage and facilitating VEGF-mediated regenerative capacity. This review presents an in-depth discussion of the regeneration ability by which endogenous neural stem cells and endothelial cells produce neurons and vessels capable of replacing injured neurons and vessels in the CNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T05:17:06Z","timestamp":1628486226000},"page":"8543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Repair Mechanisms of the Neurovascular Unit after Ischemic Stroke with a Focus on VEGF"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sunhong","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio\/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4379-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi-Sook","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Ho","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0242-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon Kyung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio\/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0001-8","article-title":"Intrinsic mechanisms of neuronal axon regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Mahar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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