{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:35:49Z","timestamp":1785818149668,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009880","name":"Regione Lazio","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["85-2017-15004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85-2017-15004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most important features of striated cardiac muscle is the excitability that turns on the excitation-contraction coupling cycle, resulting in the heart blood pumping function. The function of the heart pump may be impaired by events such as myocardial infarction, the consequence of coronary artery thrombosis due to blood clots or plaques. This results in the death of billions of cardiomyocytes, the formation of scar tissue, and consequently impaired contractility. A whole heart transplant remains the gold standard so far and the current pharmacological approaches tend to stop further myocardium deterioration, but this is not a long-term solution. Electrically conductive, scaffold-based cardiac tissue engineering provides a promising solution to repair the injured myocardium. The non-conductive component of the scaffold provides a biocompatible microenvironment to the cultured cells while the conductive component improves intercellular coupling as well as electrical signal propagation through the scar tissue when implanted at the infarcted site. The in vivo electrical coupling of the cells leads to a better regeneration of the infarcted myocardium, reducing arrhythmias, QRS\/QT intervals, and scar size and promoting cardiac cell maturation. This review presents the emerging applications of intrinsically conductive polymers in cardiac tissue engineering to repair post-ischemic myocardial insult.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T09:03:53Z","timestamp":1628499833000},"page":"8550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Intrinsically Conductive Polymers for Striated Cardiac Muscle Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8013-1462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsalan","family":"Ul Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"CIMER\u2014Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0142-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicia","family":"Carotenuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"CIMER\u2014Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security, Diagnostic and Metrology (FSN-TECFIS-DIM), ENEA, CR Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7860-9754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"De Matteis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMER\u2014Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Prosposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMER\u2014Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2771-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Francini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMER\u2014Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Teodori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMER\u2014Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security, Diagnostic and Metrology (FSN-TECFIS-DIM), ENEA, CR Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Pasquo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security, Diagnostic and Metrology (FSN-TECFIS-DIM), ENEA, CR Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Di Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"CIMER\u2014Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"L.L. Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz859","article-title":"European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2019","volume":"44","author":"Timmis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.002","article-title":"The worldwide environment of cardiovascular disease: Prevalence, diagnosis, therapy, and policy issues: A report from the american college of cardiology","volume":"60","author":"Laslett","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rokicki, T., Perkowska, A., and Ratajczak, M. (2021). Differentiation in healthcare financing in eu countries. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13010251"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1112570","article-title":"A Tale of Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction","volume":"366","author":"Nabel","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150006","article-title":"Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction","volume":"5","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.05.026","article-title":"Dynamics of Cell Generation and Turnover in the Human Heart","volume":"161","author":"Bergmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2019.06.004","article-title":"Cardiac regeneration with pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and direct cardiac reprogramming","volume":"11","author":"Sadahiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2004.08.007","article-title":"Cardiac tissue engineering: Regeneration of the wounded heart","volume":"15","author":"Zammaretti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.04.026","article-title":"Tissue-engineered cardiac patch for advanced functional maturation of human ESC-derived cardiomyocytes","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500122","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201500122","article-title":"Injectable Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Repair after Myocardial Infarction","volume":"2","author":"Hasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2016.49.1.165","article-title":"Myocardial tissue engineering using electrospun nanofiber composites","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5637","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S153758","article-title":"Nanoparticles in tissue engineering: Applications, challenges and prospects","volume":"13","author":"Hasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2017.0051","article-title":"Scaffold-in-scaffold potential to induce growth and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells","volume":"26","author":"Ciocci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14630","article-title":"Turning regenerative technologies into treatment to repair myocardial injuries","volume":"24","author":"Carotenuto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s40472-021-00319-0","article-title":"Cardiac Regeneration: The Heart of the Issue","volume":"8","author":"Carotenuto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Transpl. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5116579","article-title":"The rationale and emergence of electroconductive biomaterial scaffolds in cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"3","author":"Solazzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quijada, C. (2020). Special issue: Conductive polymers: Materials and applications. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13102344"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600307","article-title":"Direct Mechanical Stimulation of Stem Cells: A Beating Electromechanically Active Scaffold for Cardiac Tissue Engineering","volume":"5","author":"Gelmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-017-0184-1","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes embedded in embryoid bodies direct cardiac differentiation","volume":"19","author":"Ahadian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1021\/nl201514a","article-title":"Nanoengineering the heart: Conductive scaffolds enhance connexin 43 expression","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.01.006","article-title":"TNNT1, TNNT2, and TNNT3: Isoform genes, regulation, and structure-function relationships","volume":"582","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400752101","article-title":"GATA4 is essential for formation of the proepicardium and regulates cardiogenesis","volume":"101","author":"Watt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702676","article-title":"Expression of immediate early genes, GATA-4, and Nkx-2.5 in adrenergic-induced cardiac hypertrophy and during regression in adult mice","volume":"127","author":"Saadane","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06368-x","article-title":"Gap junction protein Connexin-43 is a direct transcriptional regulator of N-cadherin in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Kotini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120285","article-title":"The conductive function of biopolymer corrects myocardial scar conduction blockage and resynchronizes contraction to prevent heart failure","volume":"258","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111600","article-title":"Magnetic and electrically conductive silica-coated iron oxide\/polyaniline nanocomposites for biomedical applications","volume":"119","author":"Murat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wibowo, A., Vyas, C., Cooper, G., Qulub, F., and Suratman, R. (2020). 3D Printing of Polycaprolactone\u2013Polyaniline Electroactive Sca ff olds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030512"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201700147","article-title":"Electroactive 3D Scaffolds Based on Silk Fibroin and Water-Borne Polyaniline for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111565","article-title":"Electroactive and antioxidant injectable in-situ forming hydrogels with tunable properties by polyethylenimine and polyaniline for nerve tissue engineering","volume":"199","author":"Nejati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7084","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3021234","article-title":"Binary and ternary doping of nitrogen, boron, and phosphorus into carbon for enhancing electrochemical oxygen reduction activity","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-020-02052-1","article-title":"A review of advances in the preparation and application of polyaniline based thermoset blends and composites","volume":"27","author":"Bhadra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1080\/10601325.2010.518847","article-title":"Electrospinning of hyperbranched poly-L-lysine\/polyaniline nanofibers for application in cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"47","author":"Fernandes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part A Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200800005","article-title":"Development of electroactive and elastic nanofibers that contain polyaniline and poly(L-lactide-co-\u03b5-caprolactone) for the control of cell adhesion","volume":"8","author":"Jeong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2011.01257.x","article-title":"Dendronized polyaniline nanotubes for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"35","author":"Moura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35447","article-title":"Preparation of a porous conductive scaffold from aniline pentamer-modified polyurethane\/PCL blend for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"103","author":"Baheiraei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-011-4259-x","article-title":"Optimizing PANi doped electroactive substrates as patches for the regeneration of cardiac muscle","volume":"22","author":"Borriello","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1002\/app.31296","article-title":"Electrospun poly(D,L-lactide) and polyaniline scaffold characterization","volume":"115","author":"McKeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.11.037","article-title":"Electrospinning polyaniline-contained gelatin nanofibers for tissue engineering applications","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1039\/C3PY01634J","article-title":"In situ forming biodegradable electroactive hydrogels","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.07.061","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity of a novel electroactive and biodegradable polyurethane for cardiac tissue engineering application","volume":"44","author":"Baheiraei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.10.065","article-title":"Electrical coupling of isolated cardiomyocyte clusters grown on aligned conductive nanofibrous meshes for their synchronized beating","volume":"34","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.02.023","article-title":"Development and characterization of novel electrically conductive PANI-PGS composites for cardiac tissue engineering applications","volume":"10","author":"Qazi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.09.019","article-title":"Stretchable degradable and electroactive shape memory copolymers with tunable recovery temperature enhance myogenic differentiation","volume":"46","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.10.024","article-title":"Electrically conductive nanofibers with highly oriented structures and their potential application in skeletal muscle tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1163\/156856206774879180","article-title":"Polyaniline, an electroactive polymer, supports adhesion and proliferation of cardiac myoblasts","volume":"17","author":"Bidez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.06.036","article-title":"Electrospun conductive nanofibrous scaffolds for engineering cardiac tissue and 3D bioactuators","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9167","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b03644","article-title":"Nanofiber Yarn\/Hydrogel Core-Shell Scaffolds Mimicking Native Skeletal Muscle Tissue for Guiding 3D Myoblast Alignment, Elongation, and Differentiation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17138","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b04911","article-title":"Self-Healing Conductive Injectable Hydrogels with Antibacterial Activity as Cell Delivery Carrier for Cardiac Cell Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.02.072","article-title":"Micropatterned, electroactive, and biodegradable poly(glycerol sebacate)-aniline trimer elastomer for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"366","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8612","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201908612","article-title":"Nanofibrous Composite with Tailorable Electrical and Mechanical Properties for Cardiac Tissue Engineering","volume":"30","author":"Roshanbinfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.04.061","article-title":"Intracellular calcium ions and morphological changes of cardiac myoblasts response to an intelligent biodegradable conducting copolymer","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1601007","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601007","article-title":"A Conducting polymer with enhanced electronic stability applied in cardiac models","volume":"2","author":"Mawad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-05219-9","article-title":"Conductive fabric patch with controllable porous structure and elastic properties for tissue engineering applications","volume":"55","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.08.042","article-title":"Ductile electroactive biodegradable hyperbranched polylactide copolymers enhancing myoblast differentiation","volume":"71","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.12.008","article-title":"Degradable conductive self-healing hydrogels based on dextran-graft-tetraaniline and N-carboxyethyl chitosan as injectable carriers for myoblast cell therapy and muscle regeneration","volume":"84","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2019.02.013","article-title":"Porous and sutureless bioelectronic patch with retained electronic properties under cyclic stretching","volume":"15","author":"Hoang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68796","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA12218J","article-title":"Stem cell differentiation on conducting polyaniline","volume":"5","author":"Radaszkiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.05.018","article-title":"Synergic effects of nanofiber alignment and electroactivity on myoblast differentiation","volume":"33","author":"Ku","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.12.063","article-title":"The stimulation of myoblast differentiation by electrically conductive sub-micron fibers","volume":"30","author":"Jun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2011.11.008","article-title":"Fabrication of conductive electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds by coating with polypyrrole for biomedical applications","volume":"85","author":"Roca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.11.065","article-title":"Conductive vancomycin-loaded mesoporous silica polypyrrole-based scaffolds for bone regeneration","volume":"536","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.33128","article-title":"A chemically polymerized electrically conducting composite of polypyrrole nanoparticles and polyurethane for tissue engineering","volume":"98","author":"Broda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s11706-018-0445-9","article-title":"Electrospun polypyrrole-coated polycaprolactone nanoyarn nerve guidance conduits for nerve tissue engineering","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.193245","article-title":"Preparation of polypyrrole-embedded electrospun poly(lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1755-7","article-title":"Electrically Stimulated Adipose Stem Cells on Polypyrrole-Coated Scaffolds for Smooth Muscle Tissue Engineering","volume":"45","author":"Gilmore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.05.037","article-title":"The biocompatibility of polyaniline and polypyrrole: A comparative study of their cytotoxicity, embryotoxicity and impurity profile","volume":"91","author":"Stejskal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelmi, A., Zhang, J., Cieslar-Pobuda, A., Ljunngren, M.K., Los, M.J., Rafat, M., and Jager, E.W.H. (2015). Electroactive 3D materials for cardiac tissue engineering. Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) 2015, SPIE-International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2084165"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014937","article-title":"A conductive polymer hydrogel supports cell electrical signaling and improves cardiac function after implantation into myocardial infarct","volume":"132","author":"Mihic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7185","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB01116H","article-title":"Conductive silk-polypyrrole composite scaffolds with bioinspired nanotopographic cues for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"6","author":"Tsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(03)00253-0","article-title":"The human adult cardiomyocyte phenotype","volume":"58","author":"Bird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.09.025","article-title":"Conductive interpenetrating networks of polypyrrole and polycaprolactone encourage electrophysiological development of cardiac cells","volume":"28","author":"Spearman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2019.01.003","article-title":"In situ pPy-modification of chitosan porous membrane from mussel shell as a cardiac patch to repair myocardial infarction","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.33200","article-title":"Polypyrrole-contained electrospun conductive nanofibrous membranes for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"99","author":"Kai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1704235","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704235","article-title":"Paintable and Rapidly Bondable Conductive Hydrogels as Therapeutic Cardiac Patches","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a004242","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a004242","article-title":"Calcium signaling in cardiac myocytes","volume":"3","author":"Fearnley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00732-0","article-title":"Calcium entry via Na\/Ca exchange during the action potential directly contributes to contraction of failing human ventricular myocytes","volume":"57","author":"Piacentino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1373\/49.8.1279","article-title":"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Low frequency of mutations in the \u03b2-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) and cardiac troponin T (TNNT2) genes among Spanish patients","volume":"49","author":"Reguero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.942284","article-title":"The cardiac conduction system","volume":"123","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09003-5","article-title":"Pure PEDOT:PSS hydrogels","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.08.045","article-title":"Highly porous scaffolds of PEDOT:PSS for bone tissue engineering","volume":"62","author":"Guex","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.02.008","article-title":"Development of 3D printable conductive hydrogel with crystallized PEDOT:PSS for neural tissue engineering","volume":"99","author":"Heo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.09.003","article-title":"Highly conductive and hydrated PEG-based hydrogels for the potential application of a tissue engineering scaffold","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.201900146","article-title":"Flexible and Stretchable PEDOT-Embedded Hybrid Substrates for Bioengineering and Sensory Applications","volume":"5","author":"Fallahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemNanoMat"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1039\/C9BM02012H","article-title":"A conductive PEDOT\/alginate porous scaffold as a platform to modulate the biological behaviors of brown adipose-derived stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roshanbinfar, K., Vogt, L., Greber, B., Diecke, S., Boccaccini, A.R., Scheibel, T., and Engel, F.B. (2018). Electroconductive Biohybrid Hydrogel for Enhanced Maturation and Beating Properties of Engineered Cardiac Tissues. Adv. Funct. Mater., 28.","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201803951"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15195","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR04989D","article-title":"Electrohydrodynamic 3D printing of layer-specifically oriented, multiscale conductive scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1558","article-title":"Electroconductive Gelatin Methacryloyl-PEDOT:PSS Composite Hydrogels: Design, Synthesis, and Properties","volume":"4","author":"Spencer","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM01176B","article-title":"Electroconductive scaffolds for tissue engineering applications","volume":"8","author":"Sikorski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2764000","article-title":"Enhancement of intercellular electrical synchronization by conductive materials in cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2011.00014","article-title":"Formation of essential ultrastructural interface between cultured hippocampal cells and gold mushroom-shaped MEA- towards \u201cIN-CELL\u201d recordings from vertebrate neurons","volume":"4","author":"Fendyur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neuroeng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2005","article-title":"Molecular physiology of cardiac repolarization","volume":"85","author":"Nerbonne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2010.09.005","article-title":"How does the shape of the cardiac action potential control calcium signaling and contraction in the heart?","volume":"49","author":"Santana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.22599","article-title":"Polypyrrole-chitosan conductive biomaterial synchronizes cardiomyocyte contraction and improves myocardial electrical impulse propagation","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119672","article-title":"A self-doping conductive polymer hydrogel that can restore electrical impulse propagation at myocardial infarct to prevent cardiac arrhythmia and preserve ventricular function","volume":"231","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.01.027","article-title":"A conductive cell-delivery construct as a bioengineered patch that can improve electrical propagation and synchronize cardiomyocyte contraction for heart repair","volume":"320","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2006.08.009","article-title":"Contribution of Systolic and Diastolic Abnormalities to Heart Failure With a Normal and a Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"49","author":"Fukuta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01944-7","article-title":"Myocardial contraction fraction: A volumetric index of myocardial shortening by freehand three-dimensional echocardiography","volume":"40","author":"King","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.07.021","article-title":"The effect of polypyrrole on arteriogenesis in an acute rat infarct model","volume":"29","author":"Mihardja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000085658.98621.49","article-title":"Current Perspective Ventricular Remodeling After Infarction and the Extracellular Collagen Matrix When Is Enough Enough?","volume":"108","author":"Jugdutt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"868","article-title":"The alpha-Smooth Muscle actin-Positive Cells in Healing Human Myocardial Scars","volume":"145","author":"Willems","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(00)00032-8","article-title":"Infarct scar: A dynamic tissue","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"21","article-title":"\u03b1-Smooth muscle actin is transiently expressed by myofibroblasts during experimental wound healing","volume":"63","author":"Darby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1568006033337276","article-title":"Remodeling of the myocardium and potential targets in the collagen degradation and synthesis pathways","volume":"3","author":"Jugdutt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapnisi, M., Mansfield, C., Marijon, C., Guex, A.G., Perbellini, F., Bardi, I., Humphrey, E.J., Puetzer, J.L., Mawad, D., and Koutsogeorgis, D.C. (2018). Auxetic Cardiac Patches with Tunable Mechanical and Conductive Properties toward Treating Myocardial Infarction. Adv. Funct. Mater., 28.","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201800618"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz040","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes attenuate myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury through miR-182-regulated macrophage polarization","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1159\/000438594","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes improve the microenvironment of infarcted myocardium contributing to angiogenesis and anti-inflammation","volume":"37","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.09.032","article-title":"A novel electrically conductive and biodegradable composite made of polypyrrole nanoparticles and polylactide","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31337","article-title":"Electrical stimulation enhances viability of human cutaneous fibroblasts on conductive biodegradable substrates","volume":"84","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.02.018","article-title":"Biocompatibility of biodegradable semiconducting melanin films for nerve tissue engineering","volume":"30","author":"Bettinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miriani, R.M., Abidian, M.R., and Kipke, D.R. (2008, January 20\u201325). Cytotoxic analysis of the conducting polymer PEDOT using myocytes. Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2008.4649538"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8550\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:42:47Z","timestamp":1760164967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22168550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22168550","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]}}}