{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:32:21Z","timestamp":1787931141591,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation of China (NSFC)-Henan Joint major grant","award":["No. U2004206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. U2004206"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Open Fund","award":["No.CB2020A06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.CB2020A06"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province","award":["No. 21A210027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21A210027"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["ARZT-1370680-R31-172, ARZT-1360890-H31-164,  ARZT-1370400-R31-168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARZT-1370680-R31-172, ARZT-1360890-H31-164,  ARZT-1370400-R31-168"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Masculinizer (Masc) gene has been known to control sex development and dosage compensation in lepidopterans. However, it remains unclear whether its ortholog exists and plays the same roles in distantly related lepidopterans such as Helicoverpa armigera. To address this question, we cloned Masc from H. armigera (HaMasc), which contains all essential functional domains of BmMasc, albeit with less than 30% amino acid sequence identity with BmMasc. Genomic PCR and qPCR analyses showed that HaMasc is a Z chromosome-linked gene since its genomic content in males (ZZ) was two times greater than that in females (ZW). RT-PCR and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that HaMasc expression was sex- and stage-biased, with significantly more transcripts in males and eggs than in females and other stages. Transfection of a mixture of three siRNAs of HaMasc into a male embryonic cell line of H. armigera led to the appearance of female-specific mRNA splicing isoforms of H. armigeradoublesex (Hadsx), a downstream target gene of HaMasc in the H. armigera sex determination pathway. The knockdown of HaMasc, starting from the third instar larvae resulted in a shift of Hadsx splicing from male to female isoforms, smaller male pupa and testes, fewer but larger\/longer spermatocytes and sperm bundles, delayed pupation and internal fusion of the testes and follicles. These data demonstrate that HaMasc functions as a masculinizing gene in the H. armigera sex-determination cascade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T08:35:52Z","timestamp":1628670952000},"page":"8650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Identification and Characterization of the Masculinizing Function of the Helicoverpa armigera Masc Gene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3557-7278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuewei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzhi","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS (United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service), Tifton, GA 31793, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2011.03.001","article-title":"Sex determination in insects: A binary decision based on alternative splicing","volume":"21","author":"Salz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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