{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:12:31Z","timestamp":1788221551194,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"\u015al\u0105ski Uniwersytet Medyczny","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCN-1-092\/K\/O\/F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCN-1-092\/K\/O\/F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanism of sulfisoxazole (SFF) selective removal by photocatalysis in the presence of titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) and iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) was explained and the kinetics and degradation pathways of SFF and other antibiotics were compared. The effects of selected inorganic ions, oxygen conditions, pH, sorption processes and formation of coordination compounds on the photocatalytic process in the presence of TiO2 were also determined. The Fe3+ compounds added to the irradiated sulfonamide (SN) solution underwent surface sorption on TiO2 particles and act as acceptors of excited electrons. Most likely, the SFF degradation is also intensified by organic radicals or cation organic radicals. These radicals can be initially generated by reaction with electron holes, hydroxyl radicals and as a result of electron transfer mediated by iron ions and then participate in propagation processes. The high sensitivity of SFF to decomposition caused by organic radicals is associated with the steric effect and the high bond polarity of the amide substituent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T09:22:38Z","timestamp":1628846558000},"page":"8696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A New Mechanism of the Selective Photodegradation of Antibiotics in the Catalytic System Containing TiO2 and the Inorganic Cations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Baran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Cholewi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Sobczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Adamek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.11.086","article-title":"Antibiotics in the aquatic environment\u2014A review\u2014Part I","volume":"75","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","article-title":"Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"EMA (2021, May 07). European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption 2019. Sales of Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents in 31 European Countries in 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/report\/sales-veterinary-antimicrobial-agents-31-european-countries-2017_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). WHO Report on Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption: 2016\u20132018 Early Implementation, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/medicines\/areas\/rational_use\/oms-amr-amc-report-2016-2018\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Statens Serum Institut National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (2021, May 07). DANMAP 2019, Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Food Animals, Food and Humans in Denmark. Available online: https:\/\/www.danmap.org."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.08.082","article-title":"Effects of the presence of sulfonamides in the environment and their influence on human health","volume":"196","author":"Baran","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.5799\/ahinjs.02.2014.03.0145","article-title":"Emergence of pan-drug resistance amongst gram negative bacteria! The first case series from India","volume":"4","author":"Ghafur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"10","article-title":"Ecotoxicological aspects of pharmaceuticals on aquatic environment","volume":"1","author":"Giri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1215093","article-title":"The Future of Antibiotics and Resistance","volume":"368","author":"Spellberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Walsh, C., and Wencewicz, T. (2020). Antibiotics: Challenges, Mechanisms, Opportunities, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Yashwant, K. (2019). Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater Treatment Plants. Antimicrobial Resistance\u2014A Global Threat. Antimicrobial Resistance a Global Threat, IntechOpen Limited."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/17518253.2018.1440324","article-title":"Modification strategies of TiO2 for potential applications in photocatalysis: A critical review","volume":"11","author":"Humayun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Chem. Lett. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.07.080","article-title":"Recent advances in photocatalysis for environmental applications","volume":"6","author":"Byrne","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2016.07.016","article-title":"Effects of Cu, Zn and Cu-Zn addition on the microstructure and antibacterial and photocatalytic functional properties of Cu-Zn modified TiO2 nano-heterostructures","volume":"330","author":"Tobaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.11.088","article-title":"Photocatalytic activity of a visible light active structured photocatalyst developed for municipal wastewater treatment","volume":"175","author":"Sacco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2012.06.027","article-title":"Effect of FeCl3 on sulfonamide removal and reduction of antimicrobial activity of wastewater in a photocatalytic process with TiO2","volume":"126","author":"Adamek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24629-6_2","article-title":"Homogeneous Redox Catalysis with Transition Metal Compounds in Oxide and Peroxide Systems","volume":"Volume 102","author":"Duca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Homogeneous Catalysis with Metal Complexes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.08.097","article-title":"Mechanism of enhanced photocatalysis of TiO2 by Fe3+ in suspensions","volume":"258","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2012.07.010","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of Fe3+ doped TiO2 nanoparticles and films and their performance for photocurrent response under UV illumination","volume":"541","author":"Elghniji","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.02.025","article-title":"Effect of FeCl3 on the photocatalytic processes initiated by UVa and vis light in the presence of TiO2\u2013P25","volume":"172\u2013173","author":"Adamek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.041","article-title":"Photolysis mechanism of sulfonamide moiety in five-membered sulfonamides: A DFT study","volume":"197","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.026","article-title":"UV photolysis kinetics of sulfonamides in aqueous solution based on optimized fluence quantification","volume":"75","author":"Lian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.13005\/ojc\/350137","article-title":"Microwave Assisted Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Thermal Analysis and Antibacterial Studies of Fe(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II) Complexes of Sulfanilamide","volume":"35","author":"Prajapat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orient. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/87559120600865149","article-title":"Packaging of Olive Oil: Quality Issues and Shelf Life Predictions","volume":"22","author":"Kanavouras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600620137","article-title":"Isoxamles II: Kinetics and Mechanism of Degradation of Sulfisoxazole in Moderately Concentrated Acids","volume":"62","author":"Manzo","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973942","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/973942","article-title":"Oxidation of Sulfonamides in Aqueous Solution by UV-TiO2-Fe(VI)","volume":"2015","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.05.052","article-title":"Photocatalytic-oxidation and photo-persulfate-oxidation of sulfadiazine in a laboratory-scale reactor: Analysis of catalyst support, oxidant dosage, removal-rate and degradation pathway","volume":"222","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.12.008","article-title":"Towards a better understanding of the reactive species involved in the photocatalytic degradation of sulfaclozine","volume":"185","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2009.04.014","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of sulfa drugs with TiO2, Fe salts and TiO2\/FeCl3 in aquatic environment\u2014Kinetics and degradation pathway","volume":"90","author":"Baran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.05.046","article-title":"Adsorption and aggregation of Fe(III)-hydroxy complexes during the photodegradation of phenol using the iron-added-TiO2 combined system","volume":"162","author":"Nahar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578191","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/578191","article-title":"The Comparison of Photocatalytic Degradation and Decolorization Processes of Dyeing Effluents","volume":"2013","author":"Adamek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Photoenergy"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"771","article-title":"Development of new smart metal nanomaterials based on titanium-dioxide for photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities","volume":"66","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mil. Tech. Cour."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002458","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202002458","article-title":"Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution from Water Splitting","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10426-7","article-title":"Removal of sulfadiazine in a modified ultrafiltration membrane (PVDF-PVP-TiO2-FeCl3) filtration-photocatalysis system: Parameters optimizing and interferences of drinking water","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(00)00024-2","article-title":"Photochemistry of hydrolyticiron (III) species and photoinduced degradation of organic compounds","volume":"41","author":"Feng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2015.04.011","article-title":"Powder semiconductor photocatalysis in aqueous solution: An overview of kinetics-based reaction mechanisms","volume":"310","author":"Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00017a016","article-title":"Heterogeneous Photocatalysis","volume":"93","author":"Fox","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2010.02.068","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation kinetics and mechanism of environmental pharmaceuticals in aqueous suspension of TiO2: A case of sulfa drugs","volume":"153","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(02)00217-1","article-title":"Effects of radiation absorption and catalyst concentration on the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants","volume":"76","author":"Addardak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2008.03.008","article-title":"Study of the sonophotocatalytic degradation of basic blue 9 industrial textile dye over slurry titanium dioxide and influencing factors","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-009-9980-4","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of azo dye reactive orange 16 by TiO2","volume":"202","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progsolidstchem.2004.08.001","article-title":"Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide","volume":"32","author":"Carp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1021\/es991406i","article-title":"Mechanism and Kinetics of the OH-Radical Intervention during Fenton Oxidation in the Presence of a Significant Amount of Radical Scavenger (Cl\u2212)","volume":"34","author":"Kiwi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15723","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP02411B","article-title":"Use of scavenger agents in heterogeneous photocatalysis: Truths, half-truths, and misinterpretations","volume":"22","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9579","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02219","article-title":"Halogen radical oxidants in natural and engineered aquatic systems","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080025","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5032831","article-title":"Thermal and biological evolution of Fe(III)-Sulfanilamide complexes synthesized by green strategy","volume":"1953","author":"Prajapat","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.127284","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of sulfonamide metal complexes as antimicrobial agents","volume":"1202","author":"Pervaiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201712678","article-title":"A Non-Heme Iron Photocatalyst for Light-Driven Aerobic Oxidation of Methanol","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litter, M.I., and Slodowicz, M. (2017). An overview on heterogeneous Fenton and photo Fenton reactions using zero valent iron materials. J. Adv. Oxid. Technol., 20.","DOI":"10.1515\/jaots-2016-0164"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-015-0080-2","article-title":"The Inhibition Effect of Tert-Butyl Alcohol on the TiO2 Nano Assays Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Different Organics and Its Mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-005-3825-1","article-title":"TiO2-based Photocatalysis: Surface Defects Oxygen and Charge Transfer","volume":"35","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1039\/B613182D","article-title":"Oxidative properties of FeO2+: Electronic structure and solvation effects","volume":"9","author":"Louwerse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2008.12.026","article-title":"The comparison of photocatalytic activity of Fe-salts, TiO2 and TiO2\/FeCl3 during the sulfanilamide degradation process","volume":"10","author":"Baran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Catal. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EM00254E","article-title":"Sulfamethoxazole degradation by an Fe(II)-activated persulfate process: Insight into the reactive sites, product identification and degradation pathways","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.04.068","article-title":"Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the degradation of sulfachloropyridazine in heat-activated persulfate oxidation process","volume":"346","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.09.005","article-title":"Thermo activated persulfate oxidation of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and structurally related compounds","volume":"87","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Inczedy, J. (1976). Analytical Applications of Complex Equilibria, Ellis Horwood Ltd."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1039\/b000009o","article-title":"The \u03b2 C\u2013C bond scission in alkoxy radicals: Thermal unimolecular decomposition of t-butoxy radicals","volume":"2","author":"Fittschen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-015-0367-y","article-title":"Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dyes using TiO2: A review","volume":"7","author":"Reza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3311\/pp.ch.2009-2.08","article-title":"pH-dependent surface charging of metal oxides","volume":"53","year":"2009","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6891","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP08579F","article-title":"Site-specific binding of a water molecule to the sulfa drugs sulfamethoxazole and sulfisoxazole: A laser-desorption isomer-specific UV and IR study","volume":"20","author":"Uhlemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"ISO (1992). ISO 9887:1992(E) Water Quality\u2014Evaluation of the Aerobic Biodegradability of Organic Compounds in an Aqueous Medium\u2014Semi-Continuous Activated Sludge Method (SCAS), International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2021, July 18). U.S. Pharmacopeia. Available online: http:\/\/www.pharmacopeia.cn\/v29240\/usp29nf24s0_m79120.html."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2021, July 18). Selleckchem. Available online: https:\/\/file.selleckchem.com\/downloads\/struct\/gentamicin-sulfate-chemical-structure-s4030.gif."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2021, July 18). Pubchem, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.03.017","article-title":"Potentiometric determination of acid dissociation constants (pKa) for human and veterinary antibiotics","volume":"38","author":"Qiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foote, C.S., Valentine, J.S., Greenberg, A., and Liebman, J.F. (1995). Superoxide and Hydroxyl Radical Chemistry in Aqueous Solution. Active Oxygen in Chemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0874-7"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2003.11.062","article-title":"Geminate recombination of hydroxyl radicals generated in 200 nm photodissociation of aqueous hydrogen peroxide","volume":"383","author":"Crowell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amor, C., March\u00e3o, L., Lucas, M.S., and Peres, J.A. (2019). Application of advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of recalcitrant agro-industrial wastewater: A review. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11020205"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.02.001","article-title":"Teaching the fundamentals of electron transfer reactions in mitochondria and the production and detection of reactive oxygen species","volume":"4","author":"Mailloux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collin, F. (2019). Chemical basis of reactive oxygen species reactivity and involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102407"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8522","DOI":"10.1021\/es801720d","article-title":"pH effects on iron-catalyzed oxidation using Fenton\u2019s reagent","volume":"42","author":"Duesterberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.09.008","article-title":"Oxidation kinetics and effect of pH on the degradation of MTBE with Fenton reagent","volume":"39","author":"Burbano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2014.08.028","article-title":"Analytical approaches to the OH radical induced degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics in dilute aqueous solutions","volume":"106","author":"Csay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.04.011","article-title":"Kinetics of phenol mineralization by Fenton-like oxidation","volume":"264","author":"Bach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9019","DOI":"10.1021\/jp073990k","article-title":"Free-radical-induced oxidative and reductive degradation of sulfa drugs in water: Absolute kinetics and efficiencies of hydroxyl radical and hydrated electron reactions","volume":"111","author":"Mezyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03268","article-title":"The multiple role of bromide ion in PPCPs degradation under UV\/chlorine treatment","volume":"52","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijnfs.20130202.11","article-title":"Biochemical changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in obese diabetic male albino rats","volume":"2","author":"Osfor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nutr. Food. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07082","article-title":"Persulfate-based advanced oxidation: Critical assessment of opportunities and roadblocks","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2012.17.4.205","article-title":"An Advanced Kinetic Method for HO2\/O2\u2212 Determination by Using Terephthalate in the Aqueous Solution","volume":"17","author":"Kwon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"534","article-title":"Review on LandWll leachate treatments","volume":"5","author":"Abbas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1021\/jp036211i","article-title":"Free radical reactions involving Cl\u2022, Cl2\u2212\u2022, and SO4\u2212\u2022 in the 248 nm photolysis of aqueous solutions containing S2O82\u2212 and Cl","volume":"108","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1039\/C6GC01582D","article-title":"Heterogeneous photocatalytic organic synthesis: State-of-the-art and future perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Friedmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5162","DOI":"10.1021\/j100350a028","article-title":"Reaction of hydroxymethyl radicals with oxygen, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide at room temperature","volume":"93","author":"Pagsberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Ross, A.B., Neta, P., Ross, A.B., and Neta, P. (2021, July 19). Rate Constants for Reactions of Aliphatic Carbon-Centered Radicals in Aqueous Solution, Available online: https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/srd\/NSRDS-NBS-70-2.pdfURL."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.52-0377","article-title":"Redox properties of free radicals","volume":"52","author":"Wayner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Scand."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555843","article-title":"Reduction potentials of one-electron couples involving free radicals in aqueous solution","volume":"18","author":"Wardman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Denisov, E.T., Denisova, T.G., and Pokidova, T.S. (2005). Handbook of Free Radical Initiators, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2021, July 19). Standard Electrode Potential (Data Page). Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_electrode_potential."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605694","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201605694","article-title":"Improved reversibility of Fe3+\/Fe4+ redox couple in sodium super ion conductor type Na3Fe2(PO4)3 for sodium-ion batteries","volume":"29","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8696\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:30Z","timestamp":1760165130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22168696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22168696","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]}}}