{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:13:08Z","timestamp":1779243188003,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 HL116042, RO1 HL144125, RO1 HL147662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 HL116042, RO1 HL144125, RO1 HL147662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation is a major contributor to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Interleukin (IL)-33 and IL-37, members of the IL-1 family, modulate inflammation, with IL-33 having a pro-inflammatory effect and IL-37 having anti-inflammatory properties. IL-37 is constitutively expressed at low levels but upregulated in inflammatory contexts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D on the expression of IL-33, IL-37, macrophages, and caspase-1 in the neointimal tissue of coronary artery in Yucatan microswine with vitamin D deficient, sufficient, and supplemented status. The intimal injury was induced by balloon angioplasty and stenting in the coronary artery, and tissues were harvested after 6 months. The expression of various proteins of interest was evaluated by immunostaining. Increased expression of IL-33 and IL-37 in the neointimal tissue of the vitamin D deficient, as compared to the sufficient and supplemented microswine, as revealed by histological evaluation and semi-quantitative analysis, suggested the immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D on the expression of IL-33 and IL-37. The minimal expression or absence of IL-33 and IL-37 expression in stented arteries is suggestive of an attenuated inflammatory response in stented arteries, compared to balloon angioplasty. The decreased IL-33 expression in the sufficient and supplemented microswine could be a potential mechanism for controlling the inflammatory process and neointima formation leading to attenuated luminal narrowing of the coronary artery. Overall, these results support supplementation of vitamin D to attenuate inflammation, neointima formation, and restenosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T03:43:04Z","timestamp":1629171784000},"page":"8824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Immunomodulation of IL-33 and IL-37 with Vitamin D in the Neointima of Coronary Artery: A Comparative Study between Balloon Angioplasty and Stent in Hyperlipidemic Microswine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6286-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikrant","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devendra K.","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research, Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.021","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 regulates triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1-dependent matrix metalloproteinases in the carotid plaques of symptomatic patients with carotid stenosis","volume":"248","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai, V., Rao, V.H., Shao, Z., and Agrawal, D.K. 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