{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:42:25Z","timestamp":1793306545902,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WI 3567\/2-1, 270949263\/GRK2162, SPP1656,  TRR241, FOR 2886, TRR30, GU 1431\/5-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WI 3567\/2-1, 270949263\/GRK2162, SPP1656,  TRR241, FOR 2886, TRR30, GU 1431\/5-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) of the University Erlangen-Nuremberg","award":["30, A75, P056, P068 Jochen-Kalden funding programme N5, N7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30, A75, P056, P068 Jochen-Kalden funding programme N5, N7"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["851693 HICI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["851693 HICI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut\u2013brain axis is a bidirectional communication system driven by neural, hormonal, metabolic, immunological, and microbial signals. Signaling events from the gut can modulate brain function and recent evidence suggests that the gut\u2013brain axis may play a pivotal role in linking gastrointestinal and neurological diseases. Accordingly, accumulating evidence has suggested a link between inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and neurodegenerative, as well as neuroinflammatory diseases. In this context, clinical, epidemiological and experimental data have demonstrated that IBD predisposes a person to pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). Likewise, a number of neurological disorders are associated with changes in the intestinal environment, which are indicative for disease-mediated gut\u2013brain inter-organ communication. Although this axis was identified more than 20 years ago, the sequence of events and underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. The emergence of precision medicine has uncovered the need to take into account non-intestinal symptoms in the context of IBD that could offer the opportunity to tailor therapies to individual patients. The aim of this review is to highlight recent findings supporting the clinical and biological link between the gut and brain, as well as its clinical significance for IBD as well as neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Finally, we focus on novel human-specific preclinical models that will help uncover disease mechanisms to better understand and modulate the function of this complex system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T10:54:35Z","timestamp":1629284075000},"page":"8870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["The Gut-Brain Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease\u2014Current and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veit","family":"Rothhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4935-1365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Karow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Neurath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Winner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3661","article-title":"Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Neurath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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