{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:00:10Z","timestamp":1792000810401,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1A02050248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1A02050248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020H1D2A2093753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020H1D2A2093753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunotherapy of bladder cancer is known to have favorable effects, although it is difficult to determine which patients will show a good response because of the different tumor microenvironments (TME). Here, we developed a bladder cancer-on-a-chip (BCOC) to mimic the TME using three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and microfluidic technology. We fabricated a T24 and a 5637-cell line-based BCOC that also incorporated MRC-5, HUVEC, and THP-1 cells. We evaluated the effects of TME and assessed the immunologic reactions in response to different concentrations of Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) via live\/dead assay and THP-1 monocytic migration, and concentrations of growth factors and cytokines. The results show that cell viability was maintained at 15% filling density in circle-shaped cell constructs at 20 \u03bcL\/min microfluidic flow rate. A 3D co-culture increased the proliferation of BCOCs. We found that the appropriate time to evaluate the viability of BCOC, concentration of cytokines, and migration of monocytes was 6 h, 24 h, and three days after BGC treatment. Lastly, the immunotherapeutic effects of BCOC increased according to BCG dosage. To predict effects of immunotherapeutic agent in bladder cancer, we constructed a 3D bioprinted BCOC model. The BCOC was validated with BCG, which has been proven to be effective in the immunotherapy of bladder cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T10:54:35Z","timestamp":1629284075000},"page":"8887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Establishment of Three-Dimensional Bioprinted Bladder Cancer-on-a-Chip with a Microfluidic System Using Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0947-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hanil General Hospital, 308 Uicheon-ro, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01450, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7648-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungjin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su Jeong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Wook","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4615-0966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0164-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joong Yull","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0240-1310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In Ho","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(02)00173-2","article-title":"Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment improves patient survival in T1G3 bladder tumours","volume":"41","author":"Patard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. 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