{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:13:18Z","timestamp":1788585198137,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006129","name":"Konung Gustaf V:s och Drottning Victorias Frimurarestiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a potential target for the treatment of depression and other CNS disorders. However, the precise functional roles of TAAR1 to the actions of clinically used antidepressants remains unclear. Herein, we addressed these issues employing the TAAR1 agonist, o-phenyl-iodotyramine (o-PIT), together with TAAR1-knockout (KO) mice. Irrespective of genotype, systemic administration of o-PIT led to a similar increase in mouse brain concentrations. Consistent with the observation of a high density of TAAR1 in the medial preoptic area, o-PIT-induced hypothermia was significantly reduced in TAAR1-KO mice. Furthermore, the inhibition of a prepulse inhibition response by o-PIT, as well as its induction of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation and elevation of extracellular DA in prefrontal cortex, were all reduced in TAAR1-KO compared to wildtype mice. O-PIT was active in both forced-swim and marble-burying tests, and its effects were significantly blunted in TAAR1-KO mice. Conversely, the actions on behaviour and prefrontal cortex dialysis of a broad suite of clinically used antidepressants were unaffected in TAAR1-KO mice. In conclusion, o-PIT is a useful tool for exploring the hypothermic and other functional antidepressant roles of TAAR1. By contrast, clinically used antidepressants do not require TAAR1 for expression of their antidepressant properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T10:54:35Z","timestamp":1629284075000},"page":"8907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Contributes to Diverse Functional Actions of O-Phenyl-Iodotyramine in Mice but Not to the Effects of Monoamine-Based Antidepressants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Mantas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Millan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Inflammation Therapeutic Area, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Vet and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Di Cara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Inflammation Therapeutic Area, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucianne","family":"Groenink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Inflammation Therapeutic Area, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Cistarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Inflammation Therapeutic Area, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricette","family":"Brocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Inflammation Therapeutic Area, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technologie Servier, 45000 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Svenningsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.015305","article-title":"Trace amines and their receptors","volume":"70","author":"Gainetdinov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-00688-1","article-title":"The trace aminergic system: A gender-sensitive therapeutic target for IBS?","volume":"27","author":"Pretorius","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706948","article-title":"Trace amine-associated receptors and their ligands","volume":"149","author":"Zucchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0255","article-title":"Exogenous 3-iodothyronamine rescues the entorhinal cortex from \u03b2-amyloid toxicity","volume":"30","author":"Accorroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-019-00743-y","article-title":"Molecular variants in human trace amine-associated receptors and their implications in mental and metabolic disorders","volume":"40","author":"Rutigliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"620","article-title":"3-Iodothyronamine-A thyroid hormone metabolite with distinct target profiles and mode of action","volume":"40","author":"Biebermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02501.x","article-title":"Mammalian central nervous system trace amines. Pharmacologic amphetamines, physiologic neuromodulators","volume":"90","author":"Berry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00167036","article-title":"Down-regulation of tryptamine binding sitess following chronic molindone administration: A comparison with responses of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors","volume":"340","author":"Juorio","year":"1989","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151105198","article-title":"Trace amines: Identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"98","author":"Borowsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.60.6.1181","article-title":"Amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor","volume":"60","author":"Bunzow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.109.001107","article-title":"International union of pharmacology. LXXII. Recommendations for trace amine receptor nomenclature","volume":"61","author":"Maguire","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.01.001","article-title":"Trace amine-associated receptors: Ligands, neural circuits, and behaviors","volume":"34","author":"Liberles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00987","article-title":"The case for TAAR1 as a modulator of central nervous system function","volume":"8","author":"Rutigliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.07.002","article-title":"Pharmacology of human trace amine-associated receptors: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges","volume":"180","author":"Berry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.132647","article-title":"Trace amine-associated receptor 1 modulates dopaminergic activity","volume":"324","author":"Lindemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.12.008","article-title":"TAAR1-dependent and -independent actions of tyramine in interaction with glutamate underlie central Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition","volume":"90","author":"Mantas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05856","article-title":"MDMA and TAAR1-mediated RhoA activation in serotonin neurons","volume":"34","author":"Underhill","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16928","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2502-11.2011","article-title":"Genetic deletion of trace amine 1 receptors reveals their role in auto-inhibiting the actions of ecstasy (MDMA)","volume":"31","author":"Maggio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0469-2","article-title":"Amphetamines signal through intracellular TAAR1 receptors coupled to G\u03b113 and G\u03b1S in discrete subcellular domains","volume":"26","author":"Underhill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20081","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906522106","article-title":"The selective antagonist EPPTB reveals TAAR1-mediated regulatory mechanisms in dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic system","volume":"106","author":"Bradaia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103029108","article-title":"TAAR1 activation modulates monoaminergic neurotransmission, preventing hyperdopaminergic and hypoglutamatergic activity","volume":"108","author":"Revel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2006.00292.x","article-title":"The Trace Amine 1 receptor knockout mouse: An animal model with relevance to schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Wolinsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.57","article-title":"A new perspective for schizophrenia: TAAR1 agonists reveal antipsychotic- and antidepressant-like activity, improve cognition and control body weight","volume":"18","author":"Revel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.119.260281","article-title":"SEP-363856, a novel psychotropic agent with a unique, non-D2 receptor mechanism of action","volume":"371","author":"Dedic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2020.1708900","article-title":"Trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) modulators: A patent review (2010-present)","volume":"30","author":"Tonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911772","article-title":"A Non-D2-Receptor-Bindingdrug for the treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"382","author":"Koblan","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852920002357","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of SEP-363856 in schizophrenia: Results of a 6-month, open-label extension study","volume":"26","author":"Correll","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.131.6.695","article-title":"Phenylethylamine hypothesis of affective behavior","volume":"131","author":"Sabelli","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(94)90022-1","article-title":"The trace amines and their acidic metabolites in depression\u2014An overview","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00613-X","article-title":"Biochemical, behavioral, physiologic, and neurodevelopmental changes in mice deficient in monoamine oxidase A or B","volume":"56","author":"Holschneider","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00018","article-title":"Trace amine-associated receptor 5 provides olfactory input into limbic brain areas and modulates emotional behaviors and serotonin transmission","volume":"13","author":"Espinoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5659","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1254","article-title":"Biosynthesis of 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is dependent on the sodium-iodide symporter and thyroperoxidase but does not involve extrathyroidal metabolism of T4","volume":"153","author":"Hackenmueller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.10.024","article-title":"Does the aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase contribute to thyronamine biosynthesis?","volume":"349","author":"Hoefig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.002","article-title":"Thyronamines and analogues-the route from rediscovery to translational research on thyronergic amines","volume":"458","author":"Chiellini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0040","article-title":"Thyronamines\u2014Past, present, and future","volume":"32","author":"Piehl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutigliano, G., Bandini, L., Sestito, S., and Chiellini, G. (2020). 3-iodothyronamine and derivatives: New allies against metabolic syndrome?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062005"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00290","article-title":"Central effects of 3-Iodothyronamine reveal a novel role for mitochondrial monoamine oxidases","volume":"9","author":"Laurino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00166","article-title":"Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase is stimulated via TAAR1 by 3-iodothyronamine, but not by tyramine or \u03b2-phenylethylamine","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0505718","article-title":"Trace amine-associated receptor agonists: Synthesis and evaluation of thyronamines and related analogues","volume":"49","author":"Hart","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1051","article-title":"3-Iodothyronamine is an endogenous and rapid-acting derivative of thyroid hormone","volume":"10","author":"Scanlan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1951","article-title":"3-Iodothyronamine induces tail vasodilation through central action in male mice","volume":"158","author":"Gachkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S157","DOI":"10.1086\/317521","article-title":"Role of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus in thermoregulation and fever","volume":"31","author":"Boulant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(82)90118-4","article-title":"Acute thermoregulatory effects of unilateral electrolytic lesions of the medial and lateral preoptic area in rats","volume":"28","author":"Szymusiak","year":"1982","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.028","article-title":"Warm-sensitive neurons that control body temperature","volume":"167","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22367","article-title":"Normal thermoregulatory responses to 3-iodothyronamine, trace amines and amphetamine-like psychostimulants in trace amine associated receptor 1 knockout mice","volume":"88","author":"Panas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1156","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00486.2003","article-title":"Preoptic \u03b11- and \u03b12-noradrenergic agonists induce, respectively, PGE2 -independent and PGE2-dependent hyperthermic responses in guinea pigs","volume":"286","author":"Feleder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.05.004","article-title":"Effects of acute microinjections of the thyroid hormone derivative 3-iodothyronamine to the preoptic region of adult male rats on sleep, thermoregulation and motor activity","volume":"64","author":"James","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00261-5","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy is a common mechanism underlying animal models of antipsychotics and their clinical effects","volume":"25","author":"Wadenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3854","article-title":"Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs","volume":"192","author":"Creese","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/261717a0","article-title":"Antipsychoticdrug doses and neuroleptic\/dopamine receptors","volume":"261","author":"Seeman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.6.609","article-title":"Prepulse inhibition of the startle response in men with schizophrenia: Effects of age of onset of illness, symptoms, and medication","volume":"57","author":"Kumari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(02)00039-6","article-title":"Reduced prepulse inhibition in rats with entorhinal cortex lesions","volume":"134","author":"Goto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2004.01281.x","article-title":"Involvement of nucleus accumbens dopaminergic transmission in acoustic startle: Observations concerning prepulse inhibition in rats with entorhinal cortex lesions","volume":"58","author":"Goto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105271","article-title":"T1AM-TAAR1 signalling protects against OGD-induced synaptic dysfunction in the entorhinal cortex","volume":"151","author":"Tozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02797.x","article-title":"Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation: Regulation and consequences","volume":"91","author":"Dunkley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"199","article-title":"Comparative effects of amphetamine, phenylethylamine and related drugs on dopamine efflux, dopamine uptake and mazindol binding","volume":"245","author":"Parker","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(90)90339-H","article-title":"Amphetamine and other psychostimulants reduce pH gradients in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and chromaffin granules: A mechanism of action","volume":"5","author":"Sulzer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(75)90147-2","article-title":"Brain 2-phenylethylamine as a major mediator for the central actions of amphetamine and methylphenidate","volume":"17","author":"Borison","year":"1975","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07455","article-title":"The molecular neurobiology of depression","volume":"455","author":"Krishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04262.x","article-title":"Selective blockade of dopamine D3 versus D2 receptors enhances frontocortical cholinergic transmission and social memory in rats: A parallel neurochemical and behavioural analysis","volume":"100","author":"Millan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx056","article-title":"Dopamine system dysregulation in major depressive disorders","volume":"20","author":"Belujon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R3","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90353-0","article-title":"S 14297, a novel selective ligand at cloned human dopamine D3 receptors, blocks 7-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia in rats","volume":"260","author":"Millan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.06.002","article-title":"CRF1 Not glucocorticoid receptors mediate prepulse inhibition deficits in mice overexpressing CRF","volume":"63","author":"Groenink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.046383","article-title":"Piribedil enhances frontocortical and hippocampal release of acetylcholine in freely moving rats by blockade of \u03b12A-adrenoceptors: A dialysis comparison to talipexole and quinelorane in the absence of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors","volume":"305","author":"Gobert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"581","article-title":"S33005, a novel ligand at both serotonin and norepinephrine transporters: II. Behavioral profile in comparison with venlafaxine, reboxetine, citalopram, and clomipramine","volume":"298","author":"Millan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8907\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:46:45Z","timestamp":1760165205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22168907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22168907","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]}}}