{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:05:14Z","timestamp":1783393514053,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Devic\u2019s disease (NMO; neuromyelitis optica) are autoimmune, inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), the etiology of which remains unclear. It is a serious limitation in the treatment of these diseases. The resemblance of the clinical pictures of these two conditions generates a partial possibility of introducing similar treatment, but on the other hand, a high risk of misdiagnosis. Therefore, a better understanding and comparative characterization of the immunopathogenic mechanisms of each of these diseases are essential to improve their discriminatory diagnosis and more effective treatment. In this review, special attention is given to Th17 cells and Th17-related cytokines in the context of their potential usefulness as discriminatory markers for MS and NMO. The discussed results emphasize the role of Th17 immune response in both MS and NMO pathogenesis, which, however, cannot be considered without taking into account the broader perspective of immune response mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T08:44:45Z","timestamp":1629449085000},"page":"8946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Th17-Related Cytokines as Potential Discriminatory Markers between Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic\u2019s Disease) and Multiple Sclerosis\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3098-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Maciak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Pietrasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Dziedzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Redlicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 93-113 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Saluk-Bijak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7838-4097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Bijak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"W\u0142odarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Third Municipal Hospital Dr. Charles Jonscher Hospital of Lodz, 93-113 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7029-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 93-113 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, August 18). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) by World Health Organization (WHO). Available online: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2016\/en#\/G37.0."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.03.016","article-title":"Expression of Aquaporin Water Channels in Mouse Spinal Cord","volume":"127","author":"Oshio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A Serum Autoantibody Marker of Neuromyelitis Optica: Distinction from Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.19-2-169","article-title":"Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Huda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-008-0066-2","article-title":"Neuromyelitis Optica: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Cree","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512439439","article-title":"Does Interferon Beta Treatment Exacerbate Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder?","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000227277","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b21b. Treatment in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"62","author":"Tanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.02.002","article-title":"Differentiation of Remitting Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders from Multiple Sclerosis by Integrating Parameters from Serum Proteins and Lymphocyte Subsets","volume":"318","author":"Ip","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2012.0040","article-title":"Distinct Serum Cytokine Profiles in Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Interf. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000329576","article-title":"Association of Th1\/Th2-Related Chemokine Receptors in Peripheral T Cells with Disease Activity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"66","author":"Shimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3280be58d8","article-title":"Comparative Immunopathogenesis of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, Neuromyelitis Optica, and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.22","article-title":"The Cytokine Milieu in the Interplay of Pathogenic Th1\/Th17 Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Disease","volume":"7","author":"Leung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13438","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131013438","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Cytokines in Pathogenesis and in Therapies","volume":"13","author":"Amedei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01320-6","article-title":"Balancing the Th1\/Th2 Concept in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Laman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Th17 Cells Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"2016","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/819467","article-title":"Th17 Response and Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"2012","author":"Waite","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105793","article-title":"Proportions of Th17 Cells and Th17-Related Cytokines in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders Patients: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"75","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.03.009","article-title":"Increased Memory Th17 Cells in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"234","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"374","article-title":"The age at onset in Multiple Sclerosis is associated with patient\u2019s prognosis","volume":"118","author":"Cierny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515572406","article-title":"Demographic and Clinical Features of Neuromyelitis Optica: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Pandit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2012-048","article-title":"The Incidence and Prevalence of Neuromyelitis Optica: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Marrie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519887328","article-title":"Race and Ethnicity on MS Presentation and Disease Course","volume":"26","author":"Amezcua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516671203","article-title":"Influence of Female Sex and Fertile Age on Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders","volume":"23","author":"Borisow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13083","article-title":"Age-Dependent Variation of Female Preponderance across Different Phenotypes of Multiple Sclerosis: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"25","author":"Miclea","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S825","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720070020","article-title":"Age at Onset in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Ligouri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.09.2904","article-title":"Epidemiology and Current Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Likhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis Worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, Third Edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.907","article-title":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis * Defining the Clinical Course of Multiple Sclerosis: Results of an International Survey","volume":"46","author":"Lublin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560","article-title":"Defining the Clinical Course of Multiple Sclerosis: The 2013 Revisions","volume":"83","author":"Lublin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: 2017 Revisions of the McDonald Criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rzepi\u0144ski, \u0141., Zawadka-Kunikowska, M., Maciejek, Z., Newton, J.L., and Zalewski, P. (2019). Early Clinical Features, Time to Secondary Progression, and Disability Milestones in Polish Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Med. Kaunas Lith., 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55060232"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.1.133","article-title":"The Natural History of Multiple Sclerosis: A Geographically Based Study. I. Clinical Course and Disability","volume":"112","author":"Weinshenker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000254502.87233.9a","article-title":"A Secondary Progressive Clinical Course is Uncommon in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"68","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000216139.44259.74","article-title":"Revised Diagnostic Criteria for Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"66","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-14","article-title":"Contrasting Disease Patterns in Seropositive and Seronegative Neuromyelitis Optica: A Multicentre Study of 175 Patients","volume":"9","author":"Jarius","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1107","article-title":"The Clinical Course of Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic\u2019s Syndrome)","volume":"53","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1287690","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Failure due to Neuromyelitis Optica Treated Successfully with Plasmapheresis","volume":"2016","author":"Zantah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-005-0010-6","article-title":"Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"7","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001367","article-title":"MRI Characteristics of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: An International Update","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501097","article-title":"Th Cell Diversity in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"195","author":"Carbajal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00753","article-title":"Th1 and Th17 Cells and Associated Cytokines Discriminate among Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypes","volume":"8","author":"Arellano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2307-8","article-title":"Microglial Interferon Signaling and White Matter","volume":"42","author":"McDonough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132710","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 Cells","volume":"27","author":"Korn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-04-216085","article-title":"Evidence for a Cross-Talk between Human Neutrophils and Th17 Cells","volume":"115","author":"Pelletier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-015-0344-z","article-title":"The Role of IL-17 and Th17 Lymphocytes in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"63","author":"Tabarkiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Et Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23820","DOI":"10.4161\/jkst.23820","article-title":"The Regulation of Inflammation by Interferons and their STATs","volume":"2","author":"Rauch","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAK-STAT"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5150","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.5150","article-title":"Transcriptional Suppression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Gene Expression by IFN-\u03b3 and IFN-\u03b2: Critical Role of STAT-1\u03b1","volume":"167","author":"Ma","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Doxycycline Inhibits IL-17-Stimulated MMP-9 Expression by Downregulating ERK1\/2 Activation: Implications in Myogenic Differentiation","volume":"2016","author":"Krstic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3908061","article-title":"The Role of IL-17 and Related Cytokines in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"2017","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.80","article-title":"IL-17A-Mediated Neutrophil Recruitment Limits Expansion of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Flannigan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.08.018","article-title":"The Properties of Cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis: Pros and Cons","volume":"356","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00531","article-title":"Elevated Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"8","author":"Khaibullin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunkl, M., Frascolla, S., Amormino, C., Volpe, E., and Tuosto, L. (2020). T Helper Cells: The Modulators of Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020482"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalra, S., Lowndes, C., Durant, L., Strange, R.C., Al-Araji, A., Hawkins, C.P., and Curnow, S.J. (2020). Th17 Cells Increase in RRMS as well as in SPMS, Whereas Various Other Phenotypes of Th17 Increase in RRMS only. Mult. Scler. J.-Exp. Transl. Clin., 6.","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217319899695"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01126.x","article-title":"Mechanisms Regulating Regional Localization of Inflammation during CNS Autoimmunity","volume":"248","author":"Pierson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.05.034","article-title":"Epidemiological, Clinical, and Immunological Characteristics of Neuromyelitis Optica: A Review","volume":"355","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasiak-Zatonska, M., Kalinowska-Lyszczarz, A., Michalak, S., and Kozubski, W. (2016). The Immunology of Neuromyelitis Optica\u2014Current Knowledge, Clinical Implications, Controversies and Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030273"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traub, J., H\u00e4usser-Kinzel, S., and Weber, M.S. (2020). Differential Effects of MS Therapeutics on B Cells\u2014Implications for Their Use and Failure in AQP4-Positive NMOSD Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145021"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf151","article-title":"A Role for Humoral Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Devic\u2019s Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"125","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70133-3","article-title":"Aquaporin 4 and Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"11","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-0986-4","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica IgG and Natural Killer Cells Produce NMO Lesions in Mice without Myelin Loss","volume":"123","author":"Ratelade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2018.01.004","article-title":"Severe course of neuromyelitis optica in female patient with chronic C hepatitis","volume":"52","author":"Obara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.12.008","article-title":"Macrophages and Neurodegeneration","volume":"48","author":"Hendriks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017385108","article-title":"Interleukin 6 Signaling Promotes Anti-Aquaporin 4 Autoantibody Production from Plasmablasts in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"108","author":"Chihara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"4","article-title":"Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO IgG+) and Genetic Susceptibility, Potential Ethnic Influences","volume":"18","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Central Nerv. Syst. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50862","article-title":"Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors for MS: An Integrated Review","volume":"6","author":"Waubant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-018-0900-5","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"118","author":"Eskandarieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10251","article-title":"Genetic Risk and a Primary Role for Cell-Mediated Immune Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"476","author":"Sawcer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302925","article-title":"Distinct Genetic and Infectious Profiles in Japanese Neuromyelitis Optica Patients According to Anti-Aquaporin 4 Antibody Status","volume":"84","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51147","article-title":"The Japan Multiple Sclerosis Genetic Consortium Genetic Factors for Susceptibility to and Manifestations of Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"7","author":"Matsushita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nrl.0000250927.21903.f8","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"13","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevan, C., and Gelfand, J.M. (2015). Therapeutic Management of Severe Relapses in Multiple Sclerosis. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol., 17.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-015-0345-6"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00466","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Misdiagnosis: A Persistent Problem to Solve","volume":"10","author":"Correale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006583","article-title":"Misdiagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: Impact of the 2017 McDonald Criteria on Clinical Practice","volume":"92","author":"Solomon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00888","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of NMO Spectrum Disorder and MOG-Encephalomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Borisow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070732","article-title":"Immunosuppressive Therapy is more Effective than Interferon in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"13","author":"Papeix","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.216","article-title":"Failure of Natalizumab to Prevent Relapses in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"69","author":"Kleiter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.03.004","article-title":"Fingolimod-Induced Leukoencephalopathy in a Patient with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder","volume":"7","author":"Yoshii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000034","article-title":"Massive CNS Monocytic Infiltration at Autopsy in an Alemtuzumab-treated Patient with NMO","volume":"1","author":"Gelfand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol.-Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K.-C., Lin, K.-H., Lee, T.-C., Lee, C.-L., Chen, S.-Y., Chen, S.-J., Chin, L.-T., and Tsai, C.-P. (2014). Poor Responses to Interferon-Beta Treatment in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis with Long Spinal Cord Lesions. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098192"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16625-7","article-title":"Transcriptomics and Proteomics Reveal a Cooperation between Interferon and T-Helper 17 Cells in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"11","author":"Agasing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20953","article-title":"5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide-1-Beta-4-Ribofuranoside Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis via Modulation of Endothelial\u2013Monocyte Interaction","volume":"84","author":"Prasad","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: Acute, Preventive, and Symptomatic","volume":"18","author":"Kessler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20030331","article-title":"Mycophenolate Mofetil, an Inhibitor of Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase, Causes a Paradoxical Elevation of GTP in Erythrocytes of Renal Transplant Patients","volume":"107","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285616632653","article-title":"An update on the Evidence for the Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in the Management of Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"9","author":"Collongues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waliszewska-Pros\u00f3\u0142, M., Chojdak-\u0141ukasiewicz, J., Budrewicz, S., and Pokryszko-Dragan, A. (2021). Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Treatment\u2014Current and Future Prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062801"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srikajon, J., Siritho, S., Ngamsombat, C., Prayoonwiwat, N., and Chirapapaisan, N. (2018). Differences in Clinical Features between Optic Neuritis in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders and in Multiple Sclerosis. Mult. Scler. J.-Exp. Transl. Clin., 4.","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217318791196"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073-14.4.209","article-title":"Differentiation of Neuromyelitis Optica from Multiple Sclerosis on Spinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Lalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Tian, J.-Y., and Li, B. (2019). Current Immunotherapies for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: The Similarities and Differences. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm., 2019.","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-8659.2019.06"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.1.566","article-title":"IL-17 Plays an Important Role in the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"177","author":"Komiyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh453","article-title":"Intrathecal Activation of the IL-17\/IL-8 Axis in Opticospinal Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"128","author":"Ishizu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.06.010","article-title":"Regulatory Roles of IL-17 and IL-17F in G-CSF Production by Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells Stimulated with IL-1\u03b2 and\/or TNF-\u03b1","volume":"95","author":"Numasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F244","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00113.2011","article-title":"IL-17A Stimulates Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Production via ERK1\/2 but not p38 or JNK in Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells","volume":"302","author":"Hirai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e841","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000841","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Pathophysiology","volume":"7","author":"Fujihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol.-Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4679","article-title":"Interleukin-6, a Major Cytokine in the Central Nervous System","volume":"8","author":"Erta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12097","article-title":"Cytokines and Chemokines in Neuromyelitis Optica: Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"24","author":"Uzawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040391","article-title":"IL-6: Regulator of Treg\/Th17 balance","volume":"40","author":"Kimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.07.040189.001045","article-title":"TH1 and TH2 Cells: Different Patterns of Lymphokine Secretion Lead to Different Functional Properties","volume":"7","author":"Mosmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, H., Li, H., Ai, N., Liu, H., Xu, Q., Tao, Y., and Wei, S. (2020). Markedly Elevated Serum Level of T-Helper Cell 17-Related Cytokines\/Chemokines in Acute Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Optic Neuritis. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.589288"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cong, H., Jiang, H., Peng, J., Cui, S., Liu, L., Wang, J., and Zhang, X. (2016). Change of Th17 Lymphocytes and Treg\/Th17 in Typical and Atypical Optic Neuritis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146270"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070663","article-title":"Phenotypic and Functional Features of Human Th17 Cells","volume":"204","author":"Annunziato","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1993","article-title":"Fate Mapping of IL-17-Producing T Cells in Inflammatory Responses","volume":"12","author":"Hirota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2015.01.001","article-title":"The role of Th17 Cells in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Interleukin-17A and Interleukin-17F Serum Levels","volume":"164","author":"Babaloo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.01.031","article-title":"Interleukin-17-Secreting T Cells in Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis during Relapse","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.04.003","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 Cells in Human Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Miossec","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00947","article-title":"Interleukin-17 in Chronic Inflammatory Neurological Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Milovanovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-017-0177-y","article-title":"The Role of JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway and its Regulators in the Fate of T Helper Cells","volume":"15","author":"Seif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp289","article-title":"Phenotypical and Functional Characterization of T Helper 17 Cells in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"132","author":"Stuerner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2016.1163550","article-title":"Th17 Cells in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Review","volume":"126","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23651","article-title":"Aquaporin 4-Specific T Cells in Neuromyelitis Optica Exhibit a Th17 Bias and Recognize Clostridium ABC Transporter","volume":"72","author":"Bs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9780-2","article-title":"The Ex Vivo Production of IL-6 and IL-21 by CD4+ T Cells is Directly Associated with Neurological Disability in Neuromyelitis Optica Patients","volume":"33","author":"Linhares","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118217","article-title":"Effect of NMO-IgG on the Interleukin-6 Cascade in Astrocytes via Activation of the JAK\/STAT3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"258","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12118","article-title":"Immunology of Neuromyelitis Optica: A T Cell-B Cell Collaboration","volume":"1283","author":"Mitsdoerffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000134","article-title":"Update on Biomarkers in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"2","author":"Melamed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol.-Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsushita, T., Tateishi, T., Isobe, N., Yonekawa, T., Yamasaki, R., Matsuse, D., Murai, H., and Kira, J.-I. (2013). Characteristic Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine\/Chemokine Profiles in Neuromyelitis Optica, Relapsing Remitting or Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061835"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.07.019","article-title":"Post-Acute Serum Eosinophil and Neutrophil-Associated Cytokine\/Chemokine Profile can Distinguish between Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis; and Identifies Potential Pathophysiological Mechanisms\u2014A Pilot Study","volume":"64","author":"Michael","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01865","article-title":"IL-21 Induces an Imbalance of Th17\/Treg Cells in Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis Patients","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9394","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1511711112","article-title":"Opposing Roles of STAT1 and STAT3 in IL-21 Function in CD4+ T Cells","volume":"112","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020620","article-title":"Interleukin 21 Is a T Helper (Th) Cell 2 Cytokine that Specifically Inhibits the Differentiation of Naive Th Cells into Interferon \u03b3\u2013producing Th1 Cells","volume":"196","author":"Wurster","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"484","article-title":"IL-21 Initiates an Alternative Pathway to Induce Proinflammatory TH17 Cells","volume":"448","author":"Korn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34605","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705100200","article-title":"IL-21 Is Produced by Th17 Cells and Drives IL-17 Production in a STAT3-Dependent Manner","volume":"282","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.03.014","article-title":"Unregulated IL-23\/IL-17 Immune Response in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"88","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100015663","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid IL-21 Levels in Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190500055836","article-title":"G-CSF: A Key Regulator of Neutrophil Production, but that\u2019s Not All!","volume":"23","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500861","article-title":"G-CSF and GM-CSF in Neutropenia","volume":"195","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00712.x","article-title":"Th17 Cytokines and their Emerging Roles in Inflammation and Autoimmunity","volume":"226","author":"Fouser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1261","article-title":"A Distinct Lineage of CD4 T Cells Regulates Tissue Inflammation by Producing Interleukin 17","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2011.241760","article-title":"CSF Interleukin-6 Level Predicts Recovery from Neuromyelitis Optica Relapse","volume":"83","author":"Uzawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp309","article-title":"Intra-Cerebral Injection of Neuromyelitis Optica Immunoglobulin G and Human Complement Produces Neuromyelitis Optica Lesions in Mice","volume":"133","author":"Saadoun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512443994","article-title":"Detrimental Role of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor in Neuromyelitis Optica: Clinical Case and Histological Evidence","volume":"18","author":"Jacob","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.3.461","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-6 Directs the Differentiation of IL-4\u2013Producing CD4+ T Cells","volume":"185","author":"Anguita","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510379247","article-title":"Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Neuromyelitis Optica: Significance of Interleukin-6","volume":"16","author":"Uzawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5274-4","article-title":"Markedly Increased CSF Interleukin-6 Levels in Neuromyelitis Optica, but not in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"256","author":"Uzawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2017.03.006","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Analysis of 572 Consecutive CSF Samples from Neurological Disorders: A Special Focus on Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"469","author":"Uzawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12733","article-title":"Prediction of Disease Severity in Neuromyelitis Optica by the Levels of Interleukin (IL)-6 Produced during Remission Phase","volume":"183","author":"Barros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00120","article-title":"IL-6 in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Signals Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Bassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.04.021","article-title":"IL-22 Secreting CD4+ T Cells in the Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"261","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33676","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M204204200","article-title":"Interleukin-22 (IL-22) Activates the JAK\/STAT, ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP Kinase Pathways in a Rat Hepatoma Cell Line. Pathways that are Shared with and Distinct from IL-10","volume":"277","author":"Lejeune","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindahl, H., and Olsson, T. (2021). Interleukin-22 Influences the Th1\/Th17 Axis. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.618110"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13198","article-title":"Lower Serum Interleukin-22 and Interleukin-35 Levels are Associated with Disease Status in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"163","article-title":"HMGB1 and its Physiological and Pathological Roles","volume":"113","author":"Naglova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek List."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304039","article-title":"CSF High-Mobility Group Box 1 is Associated with Intrathecal Inflammation and Astrocytic Damage in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"84","author":"Uzawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000345994","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid High-Mobility Group Box Protein 1 in Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/295081","article-title":"Enhanced HMGB1 Expression May Contribute to Th17 Cells Activation in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"2012","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12980","article-title":"Osteopontin as a Means to Cope with Environmental Insults: Regulation of Inflammation, Tissue Remodeling, and Cell Survival","volume":"107","author":"Denhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27603","article-title":"Role of Osteopontin in Synovial Th17 Differentiation in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.144824","article-title":"Osteopontin","volume":"27","author":"Scatena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7480","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.11.7480","article-title":"Increased Osteopontin Expression in Dendritic Cells Amplifies IL-17 Production by CD4+ T Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"181","author":"Murugaiyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.07.005","article-title":"Plasma Osteopontin Levels are Associated with Disease Activity in the Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"263","author":"Shimizu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.09.004","article-title":"Plasma Osteopontin Levels in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"158","author":"Comabella","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2015.01.003","article-title":"Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Osteopontin Levels and its Involvement in Macrophage Infiltration in Neuromyelitis Optica","volume":"3","author":"Kariya","year":"2015","journal-title":"BBA Clin."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8946\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:47:44Z","timestamp":1760165264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22168946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22168946","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]}}}