{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T14:18:48Z","timestamp":1788013128322,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a haematological disease resulting from the neoplastic transformation of plasma cells. The uncontrolled growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow and the delivery of several cytokines causes bone erosion that often does not regress, even in the event of disease remission. MM is characterised by a multi-step evolutionary path, which starts with an early asymptomatic stage defined as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) evolving to overt disease. Data Sources and Study Selection: We have selected scientific publications on the specific topics \u201calarmis, MGUS, and MM\u201d, drawing from PubMed. The keywords we used were alarmines, MGUS, MM, and immune system. Results: The analysis confirms the pivotal role of molecules such as high-mobility group box-1, heat shock proteins, and S100 proteins in the induction of neoangiogenesis, which represents a milestone in the negative evolution of MM as well as other haematological and non-haematological tumours. Conclusions: Modulation of the host immune system and the inhibition of neoangiogenesis may represent the therapeutic target for the treatment of MM that is capable of promoting better survival and reducing the risk of RRMM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1629668872000},"page":"9039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Involvement of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Murdaca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, 20132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6156-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Allegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Paladin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, 20132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Calapai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Musolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Gangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60493-1","article-title":"Multiple myeloma","volume":"385","author":"Rollig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-112017-091045","article-title":"New drugs in multiple myeloma","volume":"70","author":"Kunacheewa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. 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