{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:17:29Z","timestamp":1760235449326,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP15H04787","JP18H03054","JP16H05898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP15H04787","JP18H03054","JP16H05898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM113101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM113101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007859","name":"University of Kansas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007859","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18ck0106276s0102","JP20ck0106560h0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18ck0106276s0102","JP20ck0106560h0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are major risk factors for lifestyle-related diseases. Although it has been reported that the combination of these habits worsens risks, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) cause chemical modifications of biological molecules, leading to alterations in cellular signaling pathways, and total RCS levels have been used as a lipid peroxidation marker linked to lifestyle-related diseases. In this study, at least 41 types of RCS were identified in the lipophilic fraction of plasma samples from 40 subjects using liquid chromatography\/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC\/ESI-MS\/MS). Higher levels of 10 alkanals, 5 trans-2-alkenals, 1 cis-4-alkenal, and 3 alkadienals were detected in the smoking\/drinking group (N = 10) as compared to those with either habit (N = 10 each) or without both habits (N = 10) in the analysis of covariances adjusted for age and BMI. The levels of 3 alkanals, 1 trans-2-alkenal, 1 alkadienal, and 1 4-hydroxy-2-alkenal in the smoking\/drinking group were significantly higher than those in the no-smoking\/drinking and no-smoking\/no-drinking groups. These results strongly indicate that the combination of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking synergistically increases the level and variety of RCS in the circulating blood, and may further jeopardize cellular function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1629668872000},"page":"9043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Combination of Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Synergistically Increases Reactive Carbonyl Species in Human Male Plasma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1395-0983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanae","family":"Mure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susumu","family":"Tomono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minae","family":"Mure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mano","family":"Horinaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michihiro","family":"Mutoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5980-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiji","family":"Wakabayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, December 04). 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