{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:14:53Z","timestamp":1783548893628,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review we described the interactions between ghrelin and the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis in children and adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). A possible involvement of these interactions in the pathogenesis of unexplained cases of GHD was suggested. Current research provides more and more details to the knowledge on the circadian rhythm of ghrelin. We gathered reports on the decreasing effect of Helicobacter pylori-related chronic gastritis on the number of ghrelin immunopositive cells and the consequent decrease in ghrelin serum concentration. The gastrointestinal tract microflora modification of the ghrelin action, by the mechanism of molecular mimicry, was also stressed. Moreover, the mutual relationships between ghrelin and the TSH-FT4\/FT3 axis in growth and metabolic processes are described. It is to be recalled that FT4 and FT3 exert a permissive impact on IGF-1 action and, in turn, GH, in reaction mediated by IGF-1, enhances the monodeiodination of FT4 to FT3. Finally, we discussed the latest attempts to use the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) analogues for possible diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1629714257000},"page":"9066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Contribution of Ghrelin to the Pathogenesis of Growth Hormone Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Lewi\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital\u2014Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Karbownik-Lewi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital\u2014Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Wieczorek-Szuka\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2910-7691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Stasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital\u2014Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0508-2186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Stawerska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital\u2014Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Final height and growth hormone secretion after completion of growth hormone therapy in patients with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency and with abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary region","volume":"26","author":"Hilczer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. 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