{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:57:05Z","timestamp":1791381425343,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Protein kinases (PKs) have been recognized as central nervous system (CNS)-disease-relevant targets due to their master regulatory role in different signal transduction cascades in the neuroscience space. Among them, GSK-3\u03b2, FYN, and DYRK1A play a crucial role in the neurodegeneration context, and the deregulation of all three PKs has been linked to different CNS disorders with unmet medical needs, including Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and several neuromuscular disorders. The multifactorial nature of these diseases, along with the failure of many advanced CNS clinical trials, and the lengthy approval process of a novel CNS drug have strongly limited the CNS drug discovery. However, in the near-decade from 2010 to 2020, several computer-assisted drug design strategies have been combined with synthetic efforts to develop potent and selective GSK-3\u03b2, FYN, and DYRK1A inhibitors as disease-modifying agents. In this review, we described both structural and functional aspects of GSK-3\u03b2, FYN, and DYRK1A and their involvement and crosstalk in different CNS pathological signaling pathways. Moreover, we outlined attractive medicinal chemistry approaches including multi-target drug design strategies applied to overcome some limitations of known PKs inhibitors and discover improved modulators with suitable blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) permeability and drug-like properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T21:59:00Z","timestamp":1629755940000},"page":"9098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["GSK-3\u03b2, FYN, and DYRK1A: Master Regulators in Neurodegenerative Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Stefania","family":"Demuro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational and Chemical Biology, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2287-3331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita M. C.","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational and Chemical Biology, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational and Chemical Biology, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cavalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational and Chemical Biology, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attwood, M.M., Fabbro, D., Sokolov, A.V., Knapp, S., and Schi\u00f6th, H.B. (2021). 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