{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T19:09:07Z","timestamp":1781896147486,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human microbiome is a rich factory for metabolite production and emerging data has led to the concept that orally administered microbial strains can synthesize metabolites with neuroactive potential. Recent research from ex vivo and murine models suggests translational potential for microbes to regulate anxiety and depression through the gut-brain axis. However, so far, less emphasis has been placed on the selection of specific microbial strains known to produce the required key metabolites and the formulation in which microbial compositions are delivered to the gut. Here, we describe a double-capsule technology to deliver high numbers of metabolically active cells derived from the 24-strain probiotic product SH-DS01 to the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, where immune responses and adsorption of metabolites into the bloodstream occur. Based on its genome sequence, Limosilactobacillus reuteri SD-LRE2-IT was predicted to have the genetic capacity to de novo produce a specific metabolite of interest to brain health, vitamin B12, which could be confirmed in vitro. Taken together, our data conceptualizes the importance of rationally defined microbial strain characterization based on genomics and metabolomics data, combined with carefully designed capsule technology for delivery of live cells and concomitant functionality in and beyond the gut ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T22:12:22Z","timestamp":1629843142000},"page":"9122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Delivery of Metabolically Neuroactive Probiotics to the Human Gut"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Bron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seed Health, 2100 Abbot Kinney Blvd Suite G Venice, Los Angeles, CA 90291, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3592-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Catalayud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest BV, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 94, 9052 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Marzorati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest BV, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 94, 9052 Gent, Belgium"},{"name":"Probioticial, Via Enrico Mattei 3, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Probioticial, Via Enrico Mattei 3, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7720-455X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ece","family":"Kartal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Dhir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seed Health, 2100 Abbot Kinney Blvd Suite G Venice, Los Angeles, CA 90291, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregor","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00120","article-title":"The changing landscape of neuroscience research, 2006\u20132015: A bibliometric study","volume":"11","author":"Yeung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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