{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:42:12Z","timestamp":1787236932511,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: This review explores angiogenesis, vascular dysfunction, the complement system, RAAS, apoptosis and NETosis as potential pathways that are dysregulated during preeclampsia, HIV infection and ART usage. Results: HIV-1 accessory and matrix proteins are protagonists for the elevation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and elevation of adhesion markers. Despite the immunodeficiency during HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 exploits our cellular defence arsenal by escaping cell-mediated lysis, yet HIV-1 infectivity is enhanced via C5a release of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6. This review demonstrates that PE is an oxidatively stressed microenvironment associated with increased apoptosis and NETosis, but with a decline in angiogenesis. Immune reconstitution in the duality of HIV-1 and PE by protease inhibitors, HAART and nucleoside reverse transcriptase, affect similar cellular pathways that eventuate in loss of endothelial cell integrity and, hence, its dysfunction. Conclusions: HIV-1 infection, preeclampsia and ARTs differentially affect endothelial cell function. In the synergy of both conditions, endothelial dysfunction predominates. This knowledge will help us to understand the effect of HIV infection and ART on immune reconstitution in preeclampsia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:19:26Z","timestamp":1629937166000},"page":"9157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["HIV Associated Preeclampsia: A Multifactorial Appraisal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Thajasvarie","family":"Naicker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics & Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nalini","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tashlen","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitalia","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merantha","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazira","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics & Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoohana","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics & Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olive Pearl","family":"Khaliq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagidesa","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, August 16). 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