{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:54:17Z","timestamp":1790488457986,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project number 374031971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project number 374031971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project number 413657723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project number 413657723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It remains unclear if principal components of the local cerebral stroke immune response can be reliably and reproducibly observed in patients with acute large-vessel-occlusion (LVO) stroke. We prospectively studied a large independent cohort of n = 318 consecutive LVO stroke patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy during which cerebral blood samples from within the occluded anterior circulation and systemic control samples from the ipsilateral cervical internal carotid artery were obtained. An extensive protocol was applied to homogenize the patient cohort and to standardize the procedural steps of endovascular sample collection, sample processing, and laboratory analyses. N = 58 patients met all inclusion criteria. (1) Mean total leukocyte counts were significantly higher within the occluded ischemic cerebral vasculature (I) vs. intraindividual systemic controls (S): +9.6%, I: 8114\/\u00b5L \u00b1 529 vs. S: 7406\/\u00b5L \u00b1 468, p = 0.0125. (2) This increase was driven by neutrophils: +12.1%, I: 7197\/\u00b5L \u00b1 510 vs. S: 6420\/\u00b5L \u00b1 438, p = 0.0022. Leukocyte influx was associated with (3) reduced retrograde collateral flow (R2 = 0.09696, p = 0.0373) and (4) greater infarct extent (R2 = 0.08382, p = 0.032). Despite LVO, leukocytes invade the occluded territory via retrograde collateral pathways early during ischemia, likely compromising cerebral hemodynamics and tissue integrity. This inflammatory response can be reliably observed in human stroke by harvesting immune cells from the occluded cerebral vascular compartment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:19:26Z","timestamp":1629937166000},"page":"9161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Immune Cells Invade the Collateral Circulation during Human Stroke: Prospective Replication and Extension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Strinitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander G.","family":"M\u00e4rz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1187-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Feick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Weidner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius L.","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Essig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Neugebauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Stoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Schuhmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0288-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Kollikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1157\/13107113","article-title":"The estimated incidence and case fatality rate of ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease in 2002 in Catalonia","volume":"60","author":"Marrugat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. 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