{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:39:47Z","timestamp":1788475187672,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The potential of Fourier Transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR microspectroscopy) and multivariate analyses were applied for the classification of the frequency ranges responsible for the distribution changes of the main components of articular cartilage (AC) that occur during dietary \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methyl butyrate (HMB) supplementation. The FTIR imaging analysis of histological AC sections originating from 35-day old male piglets showed the change in the collagen and proteoglycan contents of the HMB-supplemented group compared to the control. The relative amount of collagen content in the superficial zone increased by more than 23% and in the middle zone by about 17%, while no changes in the deep zone were observed compared to the control group. Considering proteoglycans content, a significant increase was registered in the middle and deep zones, respectively; 62% and 52% compared to the control. AFM nanoindentation measurements collected from animals administered with HMB displayed an increase in AC tissue stiffness by detecting a higher value of Young\u2019s modulus in all investigated AC zones. We demonstrated that principal component analysis and artificial neural networks could be trained with spectral information to distinguish AC histological sections and the group under study accurately. This work may support the use and effectiveness of FTIR imaging combined with multivariate analyses as a quantitative alternative to traditional collagenous tissue-related histology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:19:26Z","timestamp":1629937166000},"page":"9189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy Combined with Principal Component Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks for the Study of the Effect of \u03b2-Hydroxy-\u03b2-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Articular Cartilage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1053-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"\u015awietlicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4118-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siemowit","family":"Muszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Prein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine-CANTER, Munich University of Applied Sciences, 80335 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cartilage Development, Diseases and Regeneration, Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Centre Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Nanoscience-CeNS, 80799 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9413-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hauke","family":"Clausen-Schaumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine-CANTER, Munich University of Applied Sciences, 80335 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Nanoscience-CeNS, 80799 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3569-6557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attila","family":"Aszodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cartilage Development, Diseases and Regeneration, Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Centre Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin B.","family":"Arciszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Blicharski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopedics, Medical University in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Gago\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u015awietlicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5873-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Dobrowolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7574-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2553-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Arczewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1115\/1.429656","article-title":"Functional tissue engineering of articular cartilage through dynamic loading of chondrocyte-seeded agarose gels","volume":"122","author":"Mauck","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.001394","article-title":"Optical spectral reflectance of human articular cartilage\u2014Relationships with tissue structure, composition and mechanical properties","volume":"2","author":"Kinnunen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-200010000-00003","article-title":"Anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology of articular cartilage","volume":"35","author":"Huber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1366\/000370207783292118","article-title":"Determination of zonal boundaries in articular cartilage using infrared dichroism","volume":"61","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29655-5","article-title":"Composition, structure and tensile biomechanical properties of equine articular cartilage during growth and maturation","volume":"8","author":"Oinas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2090387","article-title":"Structure of proteoglycans from different layers of human articular cartilage","volume":"209","author":"Bayliss","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(92)90001-5","article-title":"Cartilage and diarthrodial joints as paradigms for hierarchical materials and structures","volume":"13","author":"Mow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Turnhout, M.C., Schipper, H., Engel, B., Buist, W., Kranenbarg, S., and van Leeuwen, J.L. (2010). Postnatal development of collagen structure in ovine articular cartilage. BMC Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-10-62"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, A.J., and Melrose, J. (2020). Aggrecan, the Primary Weight-Bearing Cartilage Proteoglycan, Has Context-Dependent, Cell-Directive Properties in Embryonic Development and Neurogenesis: Aggrecan Glycan Side Chain Modifications Convey Interactive Biodiversity. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10091244"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109350438","article-title":"The Basic Science of Articular Cartilage: Structure, Composition, and Function","volume":"1","author":"Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222454","article-title":"Unlike Bone, Cartilage Regeneration Remains Elusive","volume":"338","author":"Huey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030020-00004","article-title":"Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and the promotion of muscle growth and strength","volume":"30","author":"Slater","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med. (Auckl. N.Z.)"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-010-0037-3","article-title":"Effects of \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate treatment in different types of skeletal muscle of intact and septic rats","volume":"66","author":"Kovarik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12208","article-title":"Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle-wasting conditions","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R701","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00840.2010","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate reduces myonuclear apoptosis during recovery from hind limb suspension-induced muscle fiber atrophy in aged rats","volume":"301","author":"Hao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000459","article-title":"Is \u03b2-hydroxy \u03b2-methylbutyrate an effective anabolic agent to improve outcome in older diseased populations?","volume":"21","author":"Engelen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-7694-y","article-title":"Quantitative determination of \u03b2-hydroxymethylbutyrate and leucine in culture media and microdialysates from rat brain by UHPLC-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"406","author":"Barranco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blicharski, T., Tomaszewska, E., Dobrowolski, P., Hu\u0142as-Stasiak, M., and Muszy\u0144ski, S. (2017). A metabolite of leucine (\u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate) given to sows during pregnancy alters bone development of their newborn offspring by hormonal modulation. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179693"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13060","article-title":"Maternal HMB treatment affects bone and hyaline cartilage development in their weaned piglets via the leptin\/osteoprotegerin system","volume":"103","author":"Tomaszewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12234","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate in animals\u2014A review","volume":"99","author":"Ostaszewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0240642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240642","article-title":"The effect of maternal HMB supplementation on bone mechanical and geometrical properties, as well as histomorphometry and immunolocalization of VEGF, TIMP2, MMP13, BMP2 in the bone and cartilage tissue of the humerus of their newborn piglets","volume":"16","author":"Blicharski","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.11.043","article-title":"FT-IR imaging of native and tissue-engineered bone and cartilage","volume":"28","author":"Boskey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0282(2001)62:1<1::AID-BIP10>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"FTIR microscopic imaging of collagen and proteoglycan in bovine cartilage","volume":"62","author":"Camacho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200104)44:4<846::AID-ANR141>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Imaging of collagen and proteoglycan in cartilage sections using Fourier transform infrared spectral imaging","volume":"44","author":"Potter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.09.004","article-title":"Changes in spatial collagen content and collagen network architecture in porcine articular cartilage during growth and maturation","volume":"17","author":"Rieppo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20789","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of spatial proteoglycan content in articular cartilage with Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy: Critical evaluation of analysis methods and specificity of the parameters","volume":"73","author":"Rieppo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Zhao, B., Li, Y., Zang, H., and Li, L. (2021). Vibrational Spectroscopy in Assessment of Early Osteoarthritis\u2014A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105235"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1366\/000370204773580194","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis of degenerative cartilage: An infrared fiber optic probe and imaging study","volume":"58","author":"West","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.01.010","article-title":"Application of second derivative spectroscopy for increasing molecular specificity of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of articular cartilage","volume":"20","author":"Rieppo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650054","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793545816500541","article-title":"Comparative study on identification of healthy and osteoarthritic articular cartilages by fourier transform infrared imaging and chemometrics methods","volume":"10","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30008","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30008","article-title":"Imaging of Osteoarthritic Human Articular Cartilage using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy Combined with Multivariate and Univariate Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Oinas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350048","DOI":"10.1142\/S179354581350048X","article-title":"Comparison of macromolecular component distributions in osteoarthritic and healthy cartilages by Fourier Transform Infrared imaging","volume":"06","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.05.014","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy investigations in the pathogenesis and repair of cartilage","volume":"1758","author":"Bi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.12.005","article-title":"Cluster analysis of infrared spectra can differentiate intact and repaired articular cartilage","volume":"21","author":"Kobrina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00293","article-title":"Efficacy of the porcine species in biomedical research","volume":"6","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R139","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-7-r139","article-title":"A high utility integrated map of the pig genome","volume":"8","author":"Humphray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31816b4fe5","article-title":"Bioengineering Cartilage Growth, Maturation, and Form","volume":"63","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.02.018","article-title":"Prenatal programming of skeletal development in the offspring: Effects of maternal treatment with \u03b2-hydroxy \u03b2-methylbutyrate (HMB) on femur properties in pigs at slaughter age","volume":"40","author":"Tatara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.53923","article-title":"Body composition of piglets from sows fed with the leucine metabolite \u03b2-hydroxy \u03b2-methylbutyrate in late gestation","volume":"90","author":"Flummer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1515\/bvip-2015-0084","article-title":"Effect of HMB and 2-Ox administered during pregnancy on bone properties in primiparous and multiparous minks (Neivison vison)","volume":"59","author":"Tomaszewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2016.06.001","article-title":"Prenatally administered HMB modifies the enamel surface roughness in spiny mice offspring: An Atomic Force Microscopy study","volume":"70","author":"Tomaszewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12742","article-title":"Effects of maternal treatment with \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-metylbutyrate and 2-oxoglutaric acid on femur development in offspring of minks of the standard dark brown type","volume":"102","author":"Tomaszewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00314.2007","article-title":"Signaling pathways initiated by b-hydroxy-bmethylbutyrate to attenuate the depression of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in response to cachectic stimuli","volume":"293","author":"Eley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90567.2008","article-title":"Mechanism of attenuation of depression of muscle protein degradation induced by tumor necrosis factor-a and angiotensin II by b-hydroxy-bmethylbutyrate","volume":"295","author":"Eley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.11.021","article-title":"Effect of betahydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on protein metabolism in whole body and in selected tissues","volume":"47","author":"Holecek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"713","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate (HMB) attenuates muscle and body weight loss in experimental cancer cachexia","volume":"38","author":"Aversa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.253203","article-title":"Effects of leucine and its metabolite betahydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism","volume":"591","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.000448","article-title":"Discrimination of healthy and osteoarthritic articular cartilage by Fourier transform infrared imaging and Fishers discriminant analysis","volume":"7","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2011.12.002","article-title":"Concentration profiles of collagen and proteoglycan in articular cartilage by Fourier transform infrared imaging and principal component regression","volume":"88","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7270.2007.00320.x","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of protein secondary structures","volume":"39","author":"Kong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(86)30015-6","article-title":"Resolution-enhanced fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of enzymes","volume":"Volume 130","author":"Susi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2010.09.010","article-title":"Collagen type I amide I band infrared spectroscopy","volume":"42","author":"Mello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27671","article-title":"Specific antibody protection of the extracellular cartilage matrix against collagen antibody\u2013induced damage","volume":"62","author":"Croxford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2008.0158","article-title":"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Investigation of Native Tissue Matrix Modifications Using a Gamma Irradiation Process","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9948","DOI":"10.1021\/jp205663z","article-title":"Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy Provides Atomic-Level Insights Into the Dehydration of Cartilage","volume":"115","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2012.09.012","article-title":"Effects of tissue hydration on nanoscale structural morphology and mechanics of individual Type I collagen fibrils in the Brtl mouse model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"180","author":"Kemp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2016.1226182","article-title":"Vibrational spectroscopy of articular cartilage","volume":"52","author":"Rieppo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.022","article-title":"Machine learning-augmented and microspectroscopy-informed multiparametric MRI for the non-invasive prediction of articular cartilage composition","volume":"29","author":"Linka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/10409239509085140","article-title":"The use and misuse of FTIR spectroscopy in the determination of protein structure","volume":"30","author":"Jackson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108718","article-title":"In search of the correlation between nanomechanical and biomolecular properties of prostate cancer cells with different metastatic potential","volume":"697","author":"Pogoda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.10.001","article-title":"Structural and mechanical properties of the proliferative zone of the developing murine growth plate cartilage assessed by atomic force microscopy","volume":"50","author":"Prein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matrix Biol. J. Int. Soc. Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109409","article-title":"Assessment of biomechanical properties of the extracellular and pericellular matrix and their interconnection throughout the course of osteoarthritis","volume":"97","author":"Danalache","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Fleischhauer, L., Nicolae, C., Prein, C., Farkas, Z., Saller, M.M., Prall, W.C., Wagener, R., Heilig, J., and Niehoff, A. (2020). Mice Lacking the Matrilin Family of Extracellular Matrix Proteins Develop Mild Skeletal Abnormalities and Are Susceptible to Age-Associated Osteoarthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020666"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann, B., Marchi, G., Alberton, P., Farkas, Z., Aszodi, A., Roths, J., and Clausen-Schaumann, H. (2020). Early Detection of Cartilage Degeneration: A Comparison of Histology, Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Micro-Indentation, and Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nano-Indentation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197384"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.02.013","article-title":"Micro- and nanomechanical analysis of articular cartilage by indentation-type atomic force microscopy: Validation with a gel-microfiber composite","volume":"98","author":"Loparic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R147","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2040","article-title":"Long-term cyclical in vivoloading increases cartilage proteoglycan content in a spatially specific manner: An infrared microspectroscopic imaging and polarized light microscopy study","volume":"8","author":"Saadat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of articular cartilage and biomaterials: A review","volume":"10","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Jolliffe, I.T. (2002). Principal Component Analysis, Springer."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2013.796534","article-title":"Principal component and causal analysis of structural and acute in vitro toxicity data for nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-24","article-title":"Independent Principal Component Analysis for biologically meaningful dimension reduction of large biological data sets","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinkiri, S., and Melis, W.J.C. (2016, January 26\u201330). Reducing data storage requirements for machine learning algorithms using principle component analysis. Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI), Okinawa, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASI.2016.7539804"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.4.110701.120309","article-title":"Mechano-electrochemical properties of articular cartilage: Their inhomogeneities and anisotropies","volume":"4","author":"Mow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, C.M. (1995). Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198538493.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassoun, M.H. (1995). Fundamentals of Artificial Neural Networks, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.1996.503146"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohonen, T. (2001). Self-Organizing Maps, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56927-2"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.01.006","article-title":"A practical guide to quantify cell adhesion using single-cell force spectroscopy","volume":"60","author":"Friedrichs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods (San Diego Calif.)"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/6\/1\/001","article-title":"Calculation of thermal noise in atomic force microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Butt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115181","article-title":"Sensory neuropeptides are required for bone and cartilage homeostasis in a murine destabilization-induced osteoarthritis model","volume":"133","author":"Muschter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00894-0","article-title":"Basement membrane stiffness determines metastases formation","volume":"20","author":"Reuten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146331","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946264","article-title":"MPCE: A Maximum Probability Based Cross Entropy Loss Function for Neural Network Classification","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/17\/9189\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:51:44Z","timestamp":1760165504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/17\/9189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22179189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22179189","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]}}}