{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:42:32Z","timestamp":1776300152963,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current spreading coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is highly infectious and pathogenic. In this study, we screened the gene expression of three host receptors (ACE2, DC-SIGN and L-SIGN) of SARS coronaviruses and dendritic cells (DCs) status in bulk and single cell transcriptomic datasets of upper airway, lung or blood of COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. In COVID-19 patients, DC-SIGN gene expression was interestingly decreased in lung DCs but increased in blood DCs. Within DCs, conventional DCs (cDCs) were depleted while plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) were augmented in the lungs of mild COVID-19. In severe cases, we identified augmented types of immature DCs (CD22+ or ANXA1+ DCs) with MHCII downregulation. In this study, our observation indicates that DCs in severe cases stimulate innate immune responses but fail to specifically present SARS-CoV-2. It provides insights into the profound modulation of DC function in severe COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T09:27:57Z","timestamp":1629970077000},"page":"9228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Impairs Dendritic Cells and Regulates DC-SIGN Gene Expression in Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Guoshuai","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2733-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mulong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Center for Global Health, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3067-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohan","family":"Boss\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec (IUCPQ), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prisma Health Medical Group, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3678-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xizhi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1833-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao Michelle","family":"Androulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Columbia VA Health System, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5977-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitzi","family":"Nagarkatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2663-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakash","family":"Nagarkatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0301-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Christiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. 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