{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:39:53Z","timestamp":1782283193509,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cripto-1 is an essential protein for human development that plays a key role in the early phase of gastrulation in the differentiation of an embryo as well as assists with wound healing processes. Importantly, Cripto-1 induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition to turn fixed epithelial cells into a more mobile mesenchymal phenotype through the downregulation of epithelial adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin, occludins, and claudins, and the upregulation of mesenchymal, mobile proteins, such as N-cadherin, Snail, and Slug. Consequently, Cripto-1\u2019s role in inducing EMT to promote cell motility is beneficial in embryogenesis, but detrimental in the formation, progression and metastasis of malignant tumors. Indeed, Cripto-1 is found to be upregulated in most cancers, such as breast, lung, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cervical, ovarian, prostate, and skin cancers. Through its role in EMT, Cripto-1 can remodel cancer cells to enable them to travel through the extracellular matrix as well as blood and lymphatic vessels to metastasize to different organs. Additionally, Cripto-1 promotes the survival of cancer stem cells, which can lead to relapse in cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T09:53:23Z","timestamp":1630058003000},"page":"9280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cripto-1 as a Key Factor in Tumor Progression, Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilal","family":"Arnouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA"},{"name":"Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA"},{"name":"Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA"},{"name":"College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Yum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA"},{"name":"Master of Public Health Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.08.046","article-title":"Teratocarcinoma derived growth factor 1 (TDGF1) sequence variants in patients with congenital heart defect","volume":"146","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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