{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:38Z","timestamp":1787028458952,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]],"date-time":"2021-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health \u2013 National Institute of Hygiene","award":["no. BB-1\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. BB-1\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Salmonella Kentucky belongs to zoonotic serotypes that demonstrate that the high antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (including fluoroquinolones) is an emerging problem. To the best of our knowledge, clinical S. Kentucky strains isolated in Poland remain undescribed. Methods: Eighteen clinical S. Kentucky strains collected in the years 2018\u20132019 in Poland were investigated. All the strains were tested for susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials using the disc diffusion and E-test methods. Whole genome sequences were analysed for antimicrobial resistance genes, mutations, the presence and structure of SGI1-K (Salmonella Genomic Island and the genetic relationship of the isolates. Results: Sixteen of 18 isolates (88.9%) were assigned as ST198 and were found to be high-level resistant to ampicillin (&gt;256 mg\/L) and quinolones (nalidixic acid MIC \u2265 1024 mg\/L, ciprofloxacin MIC range 6\u201316 mg\/L). All the 16 strains revealed three mutations in QRDR of GyrA and ParC. The substitutions of Ser83 \u2192 Phe and Asp87 \u2192 Tyr of the GyrA subunit and Ser80\u2192Ile of the ParC subunit were the most common. One S. Kentucky isolate had qnrS1 in addition to the QRDR mutations. Five of the ST198 strains, grouped in cluster A, had multiple resistant determinants like blaTEM1-B, aac(6\u2032)-Iaa, sul1 or tetA, mostly in SGI1 K. Seven strains, grouped in cluster B, had shorter SGI1-K with deletions of many regions and with few resistance genes detected. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that a significant part of S. Kentucky isolates from humans in Poland belonged to ST198 and were high-level resistant to ampicillin and quinolones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]],"date-time":"2021-08-29T21:45:16Z","timestamp":1630273516000},"page":"9381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance and Whole-Genome Characterisation of High-Level Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella Enterica Serovar Kentucky ST 198 Strains Isolated from Human in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wo\u0142kowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Biocontamination Control, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Zacharczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Biocontamination Control, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Gierczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Biocontamination Control, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Nowakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Biocontamination Control, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1763-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Piekarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Biocontamination Control, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havelaar, A.H., Kirk, M.D., Torgerson, P.R., Gibb, H.J., Hald, T., Lake, R.J., Praet, N., Bellinger, D.C., de Silva, N.R., and Gargouri, N. (2015). World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001923"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2020.1719701","article-title":"Prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella serotypes in Iran: A meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Khademi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2361","article-title":"Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Nonsusceptible to Both Levofloxacin and Ceftriaxone in Nebraska, United States 2014\u20132015","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.102","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease","volume":"33","author":"Kariuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadesse, G., Tessema, T.S., Beyene, G., and Aseffa, A. (2018). Molecular epidemiology of fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192575"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0095","article-title":"Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and mutations in the gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes in Salmonella isolated from 12 tertiary-care hospitals in Korea","volume":"17","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.01.016","article-title":"Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants and mutations in gyrase and topoisomerase in Salmonella enterica isolates with resistance and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin","volume":"85","author":"Casas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Tacconelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822013000200046","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and mutations in the topoisomerase genes of Salmonella enterica strains from Brazil","volume":"44","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.07.024","article-title":"First isolation of ESBL-producing Salmonella and emergence of multiresistant Salmonella Kentucky in turkey in Poland","volume":"45","author":"Wasyl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1210.060589","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Kentucky in travelers","volume":"12","author":"Weill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir409","article-title":"International spread of an epidemic population of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198 resistant to ciprofloxacin","volume":"204","author":"Hendriksen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"395","article-title":"The global establishment of a highly-fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198 strain","volume":"4","author":"Bekhit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e000275","article-title":"Endemic fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198 in northern India","volume":"5","author":"Mahindroo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1906.121351","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky in Canada","volume":"19","author":"Mulvey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.014","article-title":"Traveller-associated high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky in the Republic of Korea","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00125-18","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00125-18","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of a Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Kentucky Sequence Type 198 Strain, PU131, Isolated from a Human Patient in Washington State","volume":"6","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.020","article-title":"Population-based inference of aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms in Escherichia coli","volume":"46","author":"Mancini","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA, and ECDC (2019). The European Union One health 2018 Zoonoses report. EFSA J., 17, e05926.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5926"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5096","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00732-12","article-title":"Early strains of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky sequence type 198 from Southeast Asia harbor Salmonella genomic island 1-J variants with a novel insertion sequence","volume":"56","author":"Weill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA, and ECDC (2020). The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2017\/2018. EFSA J., 18, 6007.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6007"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.07.023","article-title":"Genetic lineages of Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky spreading in pet reptiles","volume":"166","author":"Wasyl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.012","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from retail food in Poland","volume":"276","author":"Stasiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.01.040","article-title":"Prevalence and characterisation of quinolone resistance mechanisms in Salmonella spp.","volume":"171","author":"Wasyl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01229-06","article-title":"SGI1-K, a Variant of the SGI1 Genomic Island Carrying a Mercury Resistance Region, in Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky","volume":"51","author":"Levings","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku331","article-title":"The complete sequence of Salmonella genomic island SGI1-K","volume":"70","author":"Hamidian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e00935-20","article-title":"National Prevalence of Salmonella enterica Serotype Kentucky ST198 with High-Level Resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins in China, 2013 to 2017","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Systems"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Grimont, P.A.D., and Weill, F.X. (2007). Antigenic Formulae of the Salmonella Serovars, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research on Salmonella, Institute Pasteur."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00323-15","article-title":"Salmonella Serotype Determination Utilizing High-throughput Genome Sequencing Data","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Micobiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11","article-title":"Multilocus Sequence Typing of Total Genome Sequenced Bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Micobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","article-title":"ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes","volume":"75","author":"Bortolaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaas, R.S., Leekitcharoenphon, P., Aarestrup, F.M., and Lund, O. (2014). Solving the Problem of Comparing Whole Bacterial Genomes across Different Sequencing Platforms. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104984"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"e000093","article-title":"Microreact: Visualizing and sharing data for genomic epidemiology and phylogeography","volume":"2","author":"Abudahab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/17\/9381\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:55:10Z","timestamp":1760165710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/17\/9381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22179381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22179381","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]]}}}