{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:52:24Z","timestamp":1790790744247,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid, spain","award":["IND2017\/BIO7701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND2017\/BIO7701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation induces a wide response of the neuroendocrine system, which leads to modifications in all the endocrine axes. The hypothalamic\u2013growth hormone (GH)\u2013insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is deeply affected by inflammation, its response being characterized by GH resistance and a decrease in circulating levels of IGF-1. The endocrine and metabolic responses to inflammation allow the organism to survive. However, in chronic inflammatory conditions, the inhibition of the hypothalamic\u2013GH\u2013IGF-1 axis contributes to the catabolic process, with skeletal muscle atrophy and cachexia. Here, we review the changes in pituitary GH secretion, IGF-1, and IGF-1 binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), as well as the mechanism that mediated those responses. The contribution of GH and IGF-1 to muscle wasting during inflammation has also been analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T08:42:32Z","timestamp":1630399352000},"page":"9469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in Inflammatory Cachexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4445-590X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5397-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Priego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Moreno-Ruperez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9425-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Hedstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Pharmactive Biotech Products S.L. Parque Cient\u00edfico de Madrid, Avenida del Doctor Severo Ochoa, 37 Local 4J, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9178-8822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Granado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-6276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asunci\u00f3n","family":"L\u00f3pez-Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4484","article-title":"Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: A function of energy and volume regulation","volume":"16","author":"Straub","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1590239","article-title":"Effects of endotoxin lipopolysaccharide administration on the somatotropic axis","volume":"159","author":"Soto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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