{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:42:55Z","timestamp":1780584175354,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012645","name":"Kentucky Spinal Cord and Head Injury Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-8A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-8A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a high mortality hemorrhagic stroke that affects nearly 30,000 patients annually in the United States. Approximately 30% of aSAH patients die during initial hospitalization and those who survive often carry poor prognosis with one in five having permanent physical and\/or cognitive disabilities. The poor outcome of aSAH can be the result of the initial catastrophic event or due to the many acute or delayed neurological complications, such as cerebral ischemia, hydrocephalus, and re-bleeding. Unfortunately, no effective biomarker exists to predict or diagnose these complications at a clinically relevant time point when neurologic injury can be effectively treated and managed. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) in extracellular biofluids are highly associated with aSAH and complications. Here we provide an overview of the current research on relevant human studies examining the correlation between miRNAs and aSAH complications and discuss the potential application of using miRNAs as biomarkers in aSAH management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T21:59:45Z","timestamp":1630447185000},"page":"9492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Predicting Complications following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8104-3779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang-Xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and the Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe E.","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and the Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin W.","family":"Hatton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2016.04.009","article-title":"Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"34","author":"Dority","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000130","article-title":"Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"27","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000306090.30517.ae","article-title":"Characteristics of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States in 2003","volume":"61","author":"Shea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1036-0","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Who dies, and why?","volume":"19","author":"Lantigua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00905-2","article-title":"Outcome, Return to Work and Health-Related Costs after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"33","author":"Seule","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-013-0316-8","article-title":"Current Management of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia: Update from Results of Recent Clinical Trials","volume":"5","author":"Brathwaite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000255396.23280.31","article-title":"Predictors of cerebral infarction in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"60","author":"Ferguson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21823","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Putative mechanisms and novel approaches","volume":"87","author":"Kolias","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198701000-00004","article-title":"Acute Hydrocephalus after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"20","author":"Milhorat","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.3.0355","article-title":"Acute hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"63","author":"Hijdra","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307711","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of delayed cerebral ischaemia following subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"85","author":"Budohoski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.589275","article-title":"Definition of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage as an Outcome Event in Clinical Trials and Observational Studies","volume":"41","author":"Vergouwen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarrafzadeh, A.S., Vajkoczy, P., Bijlenga, P., and Schaller, K. (2014). Monitoring in Neurointensive Care \u00e2\u20ac\u201c the Challenge to Detect Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in High-Grade Aneurysmal SAH. Front. Neurol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00134"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.597005","article-title":"Angiographic Vasospasm Is Strongly Correlated with Cerebral Infarction after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"42","author":"Crowley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-197711000-00004","article-title":"Cerebral Vasospasm with Ruptured Saccular Aneurysm\u2014The Clinical Manifestations","volume":"1","author":"Fisher","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000349209.69973.88","article-title":"Transcranial doppler for predicting delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"65","author":"Carrera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-009-0575-y","article-title":"Relationship between vasospasm, cerebral perfusion, and delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"51","author":"Dankbaar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Effect of pharmaceutical treatment on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and clinical outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Etminan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.4.JNS15428","article-title":"Vasospasm on transcranial Doppler is predictive of delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02871","article-title":"The functions of animal microRNAs","volume":"431","author":"Ambros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Genomics, Biogenesis, Mechanism, and Function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2174\/15680266113139990106","article-title":"The emerging role of microRNA in stroke","volume":"13","author":"Koutsis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00168.2010","article-title":"MicroRNA in central nervous system trauma and degenerative disorders","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00120.x","article-title":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5065-07.2008","article-title":"The Expression of MicroRNA miR-107 Decreases Early in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and May Accelerate Disease Progression through Regulation of -Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme 1","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.12.018","article-title":"Mitochondria-associated microRNAs in rat hippocampus following traumatic brain injury","volume":"265","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091202","article-title":"miR-107 Regulates Granulin\/Progranulin with Implications for Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"705","article-title":"miR-145 and miR-143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity","volume":"460","author":"Cordes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2016.01368","article-title":"Emerging Roles of microRNAs in Ischemic Stroke: As Possible Therapeutic Agents","volume":"19","author":"Khoshnam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Han, L., Wu, X., Yang, X., Zhang, Q., and Jiang, F. (2014). Genome-wide microRNA changes in human intracranial aneurysms. BMC Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-014-0188-x"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, A.H., Povlsen, G.K., Bang-Berthelsen, C.H., Kruse, L.S., Nielsen, J., Warfvinge, K., and Edvinsson, L. (2015). Regulation of microRNAs miR-30a and miR-143 in cerebral vasculature after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1341-7"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075013","article-title":"microRNA Regulation of Inflammatory Responses","volume":"30","author":"Rao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718773361","article-title":"The Roles of MicroRNAs in Stroke: Possible Therapeutic Targets","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2017-0010","article-title":"Toward understanding non-coding RNA roles in intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.198965","article-title":"Blood microRNAs as potential diagnostic markers for hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Peplow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2174\/156652411794859232","article-title":"Micrornas in stroke pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K.S., Armugam, A., Sepramaniam, S., Lim, K.Y., Setyowati, K.D., Wang, C.W., and Jeyaseelan, K. (2009). Expression Profile of MicroRNAs in Young Stroke Patients. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007689"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.11.038","article-title":"Plasma and CSF miRNA dysregulations in subarachnoid hemorrhage reveal clinical courses and underlying pathways","volume":"62","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albinsson, S., Skoura, A., Yu, J., Di Lorenzo, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Hernando, C., Offermanns, S., Miano, J., and Sessa, W.C. (2011). Smooth Muscle miRNAs Are Critical for Post-Natal Regulation of Blood Pressure and Vascular Function. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018869"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.200873","article-title":"MicroRNAs Are Necessary for Vascular Smooth Muscle Growth, Differentiation, and Function","volume":"30","author":"Albinsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2012.05.005","article-title":"MicroRNAs and Aneurysm Formation","volume":"21","author":"Boon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.106.141986","article-title":"MicroRNA Expression Signature and Antisense-Mediated Depletion Reveal an Essential Role of MicroRNA in Vascular Neointimal Lesion Formation","volume":"100","author":"Ji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.02.119","article-title":"Conditional deletion of Dicer in vascular smooth muscle cells leads to the developmental delay and embryonic mortality","volume":"408","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.11.JNS151841","article-title":"MicroRNA and gene expression changes in unruptured human cerebral aneurysms","volume":"125","author":"Bekelis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Zhang, M., He, H., Chen, J., Zeng, H., Li, J., and Duan, R. (2013). MicroRNA\/mRNA profiling and regulatory network of intracranial aneurysm. BMC Med. Genom., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-6-36"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.897511","article-title":"Aberrant Expression of microRNA-9 Contributes to Development of Intracranial Aneurysm by Suppressing Proliferation and Reducing Contractility of Smooth Muscle Cells","volume":"22","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Supriya, M., Christopher, R., Devi, B.I., Bhat, D.I., Shukla, D., and Kalpana, S.R. (2021). Altered MicroRNA Expression in Intracranial Aneurysmal Tissues: Possible Role in TGF-\u03b2 Signaling Pathway. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-221936\/v1"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"891","article-title":"Identification of key genes, transcription factors and microRNAs involved in intracranial aneurysm","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005851","article-title":"Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Distinct Molecular Signatures Associated with the Rupture of Intracranial Aneurysm","volume":"45","author":"Nakaoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20130599","article-title":"microRNA profiling in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms: The significance of miR-155","volume":"126","author":"Biros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.010","article-title":"A systematic review investigating the association of microRNAs with human abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"261","author":"Iyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000745","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.000745","article-title":"Tissue- and Plasma-Specific MicroRNA Signatures for Atherosclerotic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"1","author":"Kin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pahl, M.C., Derr, K., G\u00e4bel, G., Hinterseher, I., Elmore, J.R., Schworer, C.M., Peeler, T.C., Franklin, D.P., Gray, J.L., and Carey, D.J. (2012). MicroRNA expression signature in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. BMC Med. Genom., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-5-25"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.09.010","article-title":"The miR-143\/145 cluster reverses the regulation effect of KLF5 in smooth muscle cells with proliferation and contractility in intracranial aneurysm","volume":"679","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1637","article-title":"Dysregulation of microRNA-23b-3p contributes to the development of intracranial aneurysms by targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog","volume":"42","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp425","article-title":"Inactivation of the tumour suppressor, PTEN, in smooth muscle promotes a pro-inflammatory phenotype and enhances neointima formation","volume":"86","author":"Furgeson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43633","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43633","article-title":"Association between functional polymorphisms in the promoter of the miR-143\/145 cluster and risk of intracranial aneurysm","volume":"7","author":"Sima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/nm738","article-title":"Kr\u00fcppel-like zinc-finger transcription factor KLF5\/BTEB2 is a target for angiotensin II signaling and an essential regulator of cardiovascular remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Shindo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.20.2528","article-title":"Regulated Expression of the BTEB2 Transcription Factor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells","volume":"102","author":"Hoshino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1160\/TH13-11-0905","article-title":"MiR-143\/145 deficiency attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis in Ldlr\/mice","volume":"112","author":"Sala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2003","article-title":"Molecular Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation in Development and Disease","volume":"84","author":"Owens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01789-1","article-title":"Inflammatory Responses Induced by the Rupture of Intracranial Aneurysms Are Modulated by miRNAs","volume":"57","author":"Korostynski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27078-w","article-title":"Global miRNA expression profile reveals novel molecular players in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"8","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inflammation, Vasospasm, and Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"2014","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000033517.48444.1A","article-title":"Human Macrophage-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis Requires NO Enhancement of Fas\/Fas-L Interactions","volume":"22","author":"Boyle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18618","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28785","article-title":"A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of miR-155 predicts the risk of intracranial hemorrhage caused by rupture intracranial aneurysm","volume":"120","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, B., Wang, F., Nie, X., Du, H., Zhao, Y., Yin, Z., Li, H., Fan, J., Wen, Z., and Wang, D.W. (2020). The Cell Type\u2013Specific Functions of miR-21 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front. Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.563166"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017804","article-title":"MicroRNA Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"48","author":"Bache","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00793-1","article-title":"Elevated miR-9 in Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Associated with Poor Functional Outcome after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"11","author":"Bache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"775","article-title":"MicroRNA and their target mRNAs change expression in whole blood of patients after intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"40","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.09.008","article-title":"Altered Expression of MicroRNA-15a and Kruppel-Like Factor 4 in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"108","author":"Kikkawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, N.-S., Zhang, J.-Q., Qin, F.-Y., Sheng, B., Fang, X.-G., and Li, Z.-B. (2017). Serum microRNAs are non-invasive biomarkers for the presence and progression of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Biosci. Rep., 37.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160480"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000972","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.000972","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs Serve as Novel Biological Markers for Intracranial Aneurysms","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.51102","article-title":"Exosome-Derived MiRNAs as Biomarkers of the Development and Progression of Intracranial Aneurysms","volume":"27","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00052.2015","article-title":"Human cerebrospinal fluid microRNA: Temporal changes following subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"48","author":"Powers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.021101","article-title":"Whole-Blood miRNA Sequencing Profiling for Vasospasm in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"49","author":"Proust","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.088","article-title":"Persistent High Levels of miR-502-5p Are Associated with Poor Neurologic Outcome in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"116","author":"Sheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng, B., Lai, N.-S., Yao, Y., Dong, J., Li, Z.-B., Zhao, X.-T., Liu, J.-Q., Li, X.-Q., and Fang, X.-G. (2018). Early serum miR-1297 is an indicator of poor neurological outcome in patients with aSAH. Biosci. Rep., 38.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20180646"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.1.JNS151454","article-title":"miRNA expression profiling of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"126","author":"Stylli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-020-00465-8","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNAs as Potential Molecular Biomarkers for Intracranial Aneurysmal Rupture","volume":"24","author":"Supriya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W.-X., Springer, J.E., Xie, K., Fardo, D.W., and Hatton, K.W. (2021). A Highly Predictive MicroRNA Panel for Determining Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm Risk Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.657258"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Mechanisms of Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"26","author":"Cahill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-296","article-title":"Circulating microRNA: A novel potential biomarker for early diagnosis of Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture a case control study","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meeuwsen, J.A.L., van \u00b4t Hof, F.N.G., Van Rheenen, W., Rinkel, G.J.E., Veldink, J.H., and Ruigrok, Y.M. (2017). Circulating microRNAs in patients with intracranial aneurysms. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176558"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00065","article-title":"Can S100B Predict Cerebral Vasospasms in Patients Suffering from Subarachnoid Hemorrhage?","volume":"4","author":"Amiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2014.881418","article-title":"Biomarkers as outcome predictors in subarachnoid hemorrhage\u2014A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/560305","article-title":"CSF and Serum Biomarkers Focusing on Cerebral Vasospasm and Ischemia after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"2013","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11409","article-title":"Serum S100?","volume":"97","author":"Kanner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2016-0232","article-title":"Blood protein biomarkers as diagnostic tool for ischemic stroke: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Monbailliu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-016-3046-3","article-title":"A review of the clinical utility of serum S100B protein levels in the assessment of traumatic brain injury","volume":"159","author":"Thelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.09.061","article-title":"MicroRNA isolation and stability in stored RNA samples","volume":"390","author":"Mraz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-016-0221-4","article-title":"Specific miRNA Disease Biomarkers in Blood, Serum and Plasma: Challenges and Prospects","volume":"20","author":"Backes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2011.03.004","article-title":"Extracellular microRNA: A new source of biomarkers","volume":"717","author":"Etheridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01427-8","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic potential of circulating miRNAs for intracranial aneurysms","volume":"44","author":"Gareev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","article-title":"Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles","volume":"30","author":"Colombo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.3.0408","article-title":"Relationship between intracranial pressure and other clinical variables in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"101","author":"Heuer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0034.1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-7-research0034","article-title":"Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes","volume":"3","author":"Vandesompele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5245","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0496","article-title":"Normalization of Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Data: A Model-Based Variance Estimation Approach to Identify Genes Suited for Normalization, Applied to Bladder and Colon Cancer Data Sets","volume":"64","author":"Andersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R64","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2009-10-6-r64","article-title":"A novel and universal method for microRNA RT-qPCR data normalization","volume":"10","author":"Mestdagh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8191","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0316-2","article-title":"A Customized Quantitative PCR MicroRNA Panel Provides a Technically Robust Context for Studying Neurodegenerative Disease Biomarkers and Indicates a High Correlation between Cerebrospinal Fluid and Choroid Plexus MicroRNA Expression","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/17\/9492\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:54:00Z","timestamp":1760165640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/17\/9492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22179492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22179492","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]}}}