{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:10:40Z","timestamp":1791839440246,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004411","name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-19-0026343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-19-0026343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRU1126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRU1126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Up to 20% of pregnant women ages 18\u201324 consume cannabis during pregnancy. Moreover, clinical studies indicate that cannabis consumption during pregnancy leads to fetal growth restriction (FGR), which is associated with an increased risk of obesity, type II diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease in the offspring. This is of great concern considering that the concentration of \u03949- tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC), a major psychoactive component of cannabis, has doubled over the last decade and can readily cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation, with the potential to negatively impact fetal development via the endocannabinoid (eCB) system. Cannabis exposure in utero could also lead to FGR via placental insufficiency. In this review, we aim to examine current pre-clinical and clinical findings on the direct effects of exposure to cannabis and its constituents on fetal development as well as indirect effects, namely placental insufficiency, on postnatal metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T10:02:11Z","timestamp":1630576931000},"page":"9528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Metabolic Consequences of Gestational Cannabinoid Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kendrick","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"},{"name":"The Children\u2019s Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5445-273X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"},{"name":"The Children\u2019s Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degenhardt, L., Ferrari, A.J., Calabria, B., Hall, W.D., Norman, R.E., McGrath, J., Flaxman, A.D., Engell, R.E., Freedman, G.D., and Whiteford, H.A. 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