{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:25:06Z","timestamp":1791944706395,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seashore paspalum is a major warm-season turfgrass requiring frequent mowing. The use of dwarf cultivars with slow growth is a promising method to decrease mowing frequency. The present study was conducted to provide an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of T51 dwarfing in the phenylpropane pathway and to screen the key genes related to dwarfing. For this purpose, we obtained transcriptomic information based on RNA-Seq and proteomic information based on iTRAQ for the dwarf mutant T51 of seashore paspalum. The combined results of transcriptomic and proteomic analysis were used to identify the differential expression pattern of genes at the translational and transcriptional levels. A total of 8311 DEGs were detected at the transcription level, of which 2540 were upregulated and 5771 were downregulated. Based on the transcripts, 2910 proteins were identified using iTRAQ, of which 392 (155 upregulated and 237 downregulated) were DEPs. The phenylpropane pathway was found to be significantly enriched at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Combined with the decrease in lignin content and the increase in flavonoid content in T51, we found that the dwarf phenotype of T51 is closely related to the abnormal synthesis of lignin and flavonoids in the phenylpropane pathway. CCR and HCT may be the key genes for T51 dwarf. This study provides the basis for further study on the dwarfing mechanism of seashore paspalum. The screening of key genes lays a foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanism of seashore paspalum dwarfing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:15:56Z","timestamp":1630934156000},"page":"9568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Relationship between the Phenylpropanoid Pathway and Dwarfism of Paspalum seashore Based on RNA-Seq and iTRAQ"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huangwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-94-3-0373B","article-title":"First Report of Dollar Spot of Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) Caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa in South China","volume":"94","author":"Lv","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2002.2031","article-title":"Changes in membrane polar lipid fatty acids of seashore paspalum in response to low temperature exposure","volume":"42","author":"Cyril","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.39.5.1143","article-title":"Salinity tolerance of selected seashore paspalums and bermudagrasses: Root and verdure responses and criteria","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.18.10284","article-title":"Rice gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant gene Dwarf 1 encodes the \u03b1-subunit of GTP-binding protein","volume":"96","author":"Ashikari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239937","article-title":"\u03b1-Amylase production and leaf protein synthesis in a gibberellin-responsive dwarf mutant of \u2018Himalaya\u2019barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)","volume":"197","author":"Zwar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.11.6.1019","article-title":"The Arabidopsis dwarf mutant shi exhibits reduced gibberellin responses conferred by overexpression of a new putative zinc finger protein","volume":"11","author":"Fridborg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02357.x","article-title":"shk1-D, a dwarf Arabidopsis mutant caused by activation of the CYP72C1 gene, has altered brassinosteroid levels","volume":"42","author":"Takahashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.104.024950","article-title":"A novel cytochrome P450 is implicated in brassinosteroid biosynthesis via the characterization of a rice dwarf mutant, dwarf11, with reduced seed length","volume":"17","author":"Tanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-009-9522-x","article-title":"Dwarf 88, a novel putative esterase gene affecting architecture of rice plant","volume":"71","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Liu, X., Li, S., Cheng, Z., and Li, C. (2014). The rice semi-dwarf mutant sd37, caused by a mutation in CYP96B4, plays an important role in the fine-tuning of plant growth. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088068"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.2307\/3870059","article-title":"Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Dixon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265-010-0350-5","article-title":"RNAi-mediated suppression of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene in Salvia miltiorrhiza causes abnormal phenotypes and a reduction in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis","volume":"124","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005896711321","article-title":"Morphological changes and hypomethylation of DNA in transgenic tobacco expressing antisense RNA of the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase gene","volume":"35","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.010880","article-title":"Adenosine kinase deficiency is associated with developmental abnormalities and reduced transmethylation","volume":"128","author":"Moffatt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.181560","article-title":"Adenosine kinase contributes to cytokinin interconversion in Arabidopsis","volume":"157","author":"Schoor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trabucco, G.M., Matos, D.A., Lee, S.J., Saathoff, A.J., Priest, H.D., Mockler, T.C., Sarath, G., and Hazen, S.P. (2013). Functional characterization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase in Brachypodium distachyon. BMC Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-13-61"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044495","article-title":"Flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis repressed in lignin synthesis affects auxin transport and plant growth","volume":"19","author":"Besseau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11105-012-0444-4","article-title":"Downregulation of cinnamoyl CoA reductase affects lignin and phenolic acids biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol. Report."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, J., Xia, C., Zhao, G., Jia, J., and Kong, X. (2012). Optimizing de novo common wheat transcriptome assembly using short-read RNA-Seq data. BMC Genom., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-392"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiber, A.W., Hayden, M.J., Forrest, K.L., Kong, S.L., Langridge, P., and Baumann, U. (2012). Transcriptome-scale homoeolog-specific transcript assemblies of bread wheat. BMC Genom., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-492"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R66","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-6-r66","article-title":"Separating homeologs by phasing in the tetraploid wheat transcriptome","volume":"14","author":"Krasileva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, L., Di, R., Chao, Y., Han, L., Chen, X., Wu, C., and Yin, S. (2016). De novo transcriptome analysis for Kentucky Bluegrass dwarf mutants induced by space mutation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155452"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"81","article-title":"Comparison of alternative splicing of Brassica napus dwarf mutant and its tall-stalked parents by using RNA-seq","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plgene.2015.08.003","article-title":"An RNA-Seq analysis of the pear (Pyrus communis L.) transcriptome, with a focus on genes associated with dwarf","volume":"4","author":"Ou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Gene"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2010.00992.x","article-title":"Proteomic study identifies proteins involved in brassinosteroid regulation of rice growth","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-016-0644-0","article-title":"Quantitative proteomic analysis of upland cotton stem terminal buds reveals phytohormone-related pathways associated with dwarfism","volume":"61","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.14577","article-title":"RNA-Seq and iTRAQ reveal the dwarfing mechanism of dwarf polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.)","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"75","article-title":"P217-S Relative Quantitation of iTRAQ-Labeled Proteins Using IRMPD on an LTQ FT Ultra","volume":"18","author":"Zeller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Tech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050405o","article-title":"Comparative study of three proteomic quantitative methods, DIGE, cICAT, and iTRAQ, using 2D gel-or LC\u2212 MALDI TOF\/TOF","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R16","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-2-r16","article-title":"A de novo assembly of the newt transcriptome combined with proteomic validation identifies new protein families expressed during tissue regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Looso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.05.026","article-title":"Transcriptomic and iTRAQ proteomic approaches reveal novel short-term hyperosmotic stress responsive proteins in the gill of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica)","volume":"89","author":"Tse","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1364","article-title":"Transcription sequencing and its application prospective on discovering the gene resources of forages","volume":"28","author":"Jing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pratacultural Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, P., Cogill, S., Qiu, Y., Li, Z., Zhou, M., Hu, Q., Chang, Z., Noorai, R.E., Xia, X., and Saski, C. (2020). Comparative transcriptome profiling provides insights into plant salt tolerance in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum). BMC Genom., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6508-1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30088-3","article-title":"Complementary iTRAQ-based proteomic and RNA sequencing-based transcriptomic analyses reveal a complex network regulating pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peel colour","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L.-Q., Zou, X., Deng, M.-S., Peng, J., Huang, X.-L., Lu, X., Fang, C.-C., and Wang, X.-Y. (2017). Comparative morphology, transcription, and proteomics study revealing the key molecular mechanism of camphor on the potato tuber sprouting effect. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112280"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00999","article-title":"iTRAQ and RNA-Seq Analyses Provide New Insights into Regulation Mechanism of Symbiotic Germination of Dendrobium officinale Seeds (Orchidaceae)","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/35015709","article-title":"Proteomics to study genes and genomes","volume":"405","author":"Pandey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3037","article-title":"Transcriptome to proteome and back to genome","volume":"12","author":"Muers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00211-X","article-title":"Trends in lignin modification: A comprehensive analysis of the effects of genetic manipulations\/mutations on lignification and vascular integrity","volume":"61","author":"Anterola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1078\/0176-1617-00905","article-title":"Chitosan and chitin oligomers increase phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase activities in soybean leaves","volume":"160","author":"Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14486","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71704-3","article-title":"Differential regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes during plant development and by environmental cues","volume":"264","author":"Liang","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.104.023705","article-title":"Molecular phenotyping of the pal1 and pal2 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana reveals far-reaching consequences on phenylpropanoid, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Rohde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9057","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.22.9057","article-title":"Abnormal plant development and down-regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco containing a heterologous phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene","volume":"87","author":"Elkind","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7608","article-title":"Quantitative relationship between phenylalanine ammonia-lyase levels and phenylpropanoid accumulation in transgenic tobacco identifies a rate-determining step in natural product synthesis","volume":"91","author":"Bate","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.157370","article-title":"Functional analysis of the Arabidopsis PAL gene family in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stress","volume":"153","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutela, S., Hahl, T., Tiimonen, H., Aronen, T., Ylioja, T., Laakso, T., Saranp\u00e4\u00e4, P., Chiang, V., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., and H\u00e4ggman, H. (2014). Phenolic compounds and expression of 4CL genes in silver birch clones and Pt4CL1a lines. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114434"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1985","article-title":"Down-regulation of 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) in Arabidopsis: Effect on lignin composition and implications for the control of monolignol biosynthesis","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029045","article-title":"Alterations in the Biosynthesis of Lignin in Transgenic Plants with Chimeric Genes for 4-Coumarate: Coenzyme A Ligase","volume":"37","author":"Kajita","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj120","article-title":"Down-regulation of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) induces dramatic changes in soluble phenolic pools","volume":"57","author":"Rest","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1998.00014.x","article-title":"Down-regulation of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase induces significant changes of lignin profiles in transgenic tobacco plants","volume":"13","author":"Piquemal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313x.2001.01021.x","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of irregular xylem4 (irx4): A severely lignin-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis","volume":"26","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1413","article-title":"An Arabidopsis mutant defective in the general phenylpropanoid pathway","volume":"4","author":"Chapple","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313x.2000.00727.x","article-title":"Modified lignin in tobacco and poplar plants over-expressing the Arabidopsis gene encoding ferulate 5-hydroxylase","volume":"22","author":"Franke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/S0981-9428(02)01474-2","article-title":"Expression of a poplar cDNA encoding a ferulate-5-hydroxylase\/coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase increases S lignin deposition in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"40","author":"Sibout","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.020297","article-title":"Silencing of hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A shikimate\/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase affects phenylpropanoid biosynthesis","volume":"16","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11856","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701428104","article-title":"Exploring lignification in conifers by silencing hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: Shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase in Pinus radiata","volume":"104","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2007.03.022","article-title":"Down-regulation of hydroxycinnamoyl CoA: Shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase in transgenic alfalfa affects lignification, development and forage quality","volume":"68","author":"Shadle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.05.006","article-title":"Arabidopsis thaliana expresses a second functional flavonol synthase","volume":"583","author":"Preu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Febs Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02574.x","article-title":"Anthocyanidin synthase in non-anthocyanin-producing Caryophyllales species","volume":"44","author":"Shimada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.11.027","article-title":"Effects of pH on the ability of flavonoids to act as Pickering emulsion stabilizers","volume":"92","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41906","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41906","article-title":"Flavonol-induced changes in PIN2 polarity and auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana rol1-2 mutant require phosphatase activity","volume":"7","author":"Kuhn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10355","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.21.10355","article-title":"Arabidopsis thaliana auxotrophs reveal a tryptophan-independent biosynthetic pathway for indole-3-acetic acid","volume":"90","author":"Normanly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02261.x","article-title":"Arabidopsis glucosyltransferase UGT74B1 functions in glucosinolate biosynthesis and auxin homeostasis","volume":"40","author":"Grubb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-015-0501-6","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of four novel SnRK2 genes from Triticum polonicum","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"65","article-title":"Preparation of samples for compositional analysis","volume":"1617","author":"Hames","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab. Anal. Proced."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass","volume":"1617","author":"Sluiter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab. Anal. Proced."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00196-3","article-title":"Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour","volume":"72","author":"Gressier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/17\/9568\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:56:03Z","timestamp":1760165763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/17\/9568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22179568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22179568","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]}}}