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The main therapeutic approach used in the management of these disorders is exposure-based therapy, which is conceptually based upon fear extinction with the formation of a new safe memory association, allowing the reduction in behavioral conditioned fear responses. Nevertheless, this approach is only partially resolutive, since many patients have difficulty following the demanding and long process, and relapses are frequently observed over time. One strategy to improve the efficacy of the cognitive therapy is the combination with pharmacological agents. Therefore, the identification of compounds able to strengthen the formation and persistence of the inhibitory associations is a key goal. Recently, growing interest has been aroused by the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT), which has been shown to have anxiolytic effects. Furthermore, OXT receptors and binding sites have been found in the critical brain structures involved in fear extinction. In this review, the recent literature addressing the complex effects of OXT on fear extinction at preclinical and clinical levels is discussed. These studies suggest that the OXT roles in fear behavior are due to its local effects in several brain regions, most notably, distinct amygdaloid regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T21:38:12Z","timestamp":1631828292000},"page":"10000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Oxytocin and Fear Memory Extinction: Possible Implications for the Therapy of Fear Disorders?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Baldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences (DSS), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5602-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences (DSS), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Beatrice","family":"Passani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences (DSS), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4868-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizio","family":"Blandina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pharmacology of Toxicology, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology \u2018V. Erspamer\u2019, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6182-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Provensi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pharmacology of Toxicology, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.06.046","article-title":"Memory reconsolidation","volume":"23","author":"Alberini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. 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