{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:46:54Z","timestamp":1785840414648,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":323,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015269","name":"Magyarorsz\u00e1g Korm\u00e1nya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GINOP.2.3.2-15-2016-00034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP.2.3.2-15-2016-00034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015269","name":"Magyarorsz\u00e1g Korm\u00e1nya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TUDFO\/47138-1\/2019\/ITM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUDFO\/47138-1\/2019\/ITM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms including autonomic imbalance. These disturbances involve almost all autonomic functions and might contribute to poor medication compliance, worsened quality of life and increased mortality. Therefore, it has a great importance to find a potential therapeutic solution to improve the autonomic disturbances. The altered level of kynurenines (e.g., kynurenic acid), as tryptophan metabolites, is almost the most consistently found biochemical abnormality in schizophrenia. Kynurenic acid influences different types of receptors, most of them involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Only few data suggest that kynurenines might have effects on multiple autonomic functions. Publications so far have discussed the implication of kynurenines and the alteration of the autonomic nervous system in schizophrenia independently from each other. Thus, the coupling between them has not yet been addressed in schizophrenia, although their direct common points, potential interfaces indicate the consideration of their interaction. The present review gathers autonomic disturbances, the impaired kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia, and the effects of kynurenine pathway on autonomic functions. In the last part of the review, the potential interaction between the two systems in schizophrenia, and the possible therapeutic options are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T21:38:12Z","timestamp":1631828292000},"page":"10016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Potential Interface between the Kynurenine Pathway and Autonomic Imbalance in Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"B\u00fcki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m t\u00e9r 10., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0185-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Kekesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m t\u00e9r 10., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6025-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyongyi","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m t\u00e9r 10., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"V\u00e9csei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u0119pnicki, P., Kondej, M., and Kaczor, A.A. (2018). Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23082087"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01202.x","article-title":"Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe","volume":"12","author":"Wittchen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1821","article-title":"Schizophrenia: A Review","volume":"75","author":"Schultz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05542-4_6","article-title":"Neuroimaging Studies of Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia","volume":"Volume 1118","author":"Franck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.03.005","article-title":"Schizophrenia, \u201cjust the facts\u201d 4. Clinical features and conceptualization","volume":"110","author":"Tandon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199709004-00006","article-title":"Cognitive function in schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"Weinberger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.05.034","article-title":"Acute psychosis leads to increased QT variability in patients suffering from schizophrenia","volume":"95","author":"Koschke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.06.012","article-title":"The interaction between pupil function and cardiovascular regulation in patients with acute schizophrenia","volume":"119","author":"Boettger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"139","article-title":"Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Schizophrenia and Their Healthy Relatives\u2014A Small Review","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"86","article-title":"Early signs of schizophrenia and autonomic nervous system dysregulation: A literature review","volume":"16","author":"Guccione","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.07.025","article-title":"Heart rate variability and vagal tone in schizophrenia: A review","volume":"69","author":"Montaquila","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin, L.S. (1974). The Utilization of Pupillometry in the Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Psychotic and Behavioral Disorders. Pupillary Dynamics and Behavior, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1642-9_4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150178","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0178","article-title":"Central-and autonomic nervous system coupling in schizophrenia","volume":"374","author":"Schulz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-021-00151-6","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in schizophrenia: Impact on cognitive and metabolic health","volume":"7","author":"Stogios","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Schizophr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140217","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and the impact of psychotropic medications: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Alvares","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.09.543","article-title":"The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"141","author":"Thayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(06)78005-9","article-title":"Alterations of Serotonin Transmission in Schizophrenia","volume":"78","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(80)90178-0","article-title":"Low cerebrospinal fluid glutamate in schizophrenic patients and a new hypothesis on schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.038","article-title":"The role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia","volume":"118","author":"Andreassen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-977X(95)00027-M","article-title":"The role of serotonin in schizophrenia","volume":"5","author":"Igbal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, A., and Tsai, S.-J. (2017). New targets for schizophrenia treatment beyond the dopamine hypothesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081689"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0072-2","article-title":"Salivary kynurenic acid response to psychological stress: Inverse relationship to cortical glutamate in schizophrenia","volume":"43","author":"Chiappelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.07.013","article-title":"Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of male patients with schizophrenia","volume":"80","author":"Nilsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2016.02.001","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia: Pharmacogenetics of galantamine and memantine","volume":"4","author":"Koola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.05.020","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"112","author":"Erhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211795049561","article-title":"\u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a potential therapeutic target for schizophrenia","volume":"17","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90813-0","article-title":"The excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenic acid administered after hypoxic-ischemia in neonatal rats offers neuroprotection","volume":"90","author":"Lehmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(84)90050-8","article-title":"Kynurenic acid blocks neurotoxicity and seizures induced in rats by the related brain metabolite quinolinic acid","volume":"48","author":"Foster","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3793","article-title":"Kynurenines in the CNS: Recent advances and new questions","volume":"12","author":"Toldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.06.091","article-title":"Expression of functional GPR35 in human iNKT cells","volume":"398","author":"Fallarini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.313965","article-title":"Impaired Autonomic Nervous System-Microbiome Circuit in Hypertension","volume":"125","author":"Zubcevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2020.18.4.507","article-title":"Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Pathophysiologic and Therapeutic Considerations","volume":"18","author":"Muneer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiss, C., and V\u00e9csei, L. (2009). Kynurenines in the Brain: Preclinical and Clinical Studies, Therapeutic Considerations. Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30375-8_5"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170929","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Recent Concepts on the Relation of Mitochondrial Disturbances, Excitotoxicity, Neuroinflammation, and Kynurenines","volume":"62","author":"Veres","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"581","article-title":"Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch f\u00fcr Studirende und Aerzte","volume":"45","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1899","journal-title":"J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.160762","article-title":"Resting vagal activity in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis of heart rate variability as a potential endophenotype","volume":"208","author":"Clamor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-199","article-title":"Dose-dependent effect of antipsychotic drugs on autonomic nervous system activity in schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.076","article-title":"Reduced cardiac autonomic response to deep breathing: A heritable vulnerability trait in patients with schizophrenia and their healthy first-degree relatives","volume":"243","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00811.2006","article-title":"Decreased baroreflex sensitivity in acute schizophrenia","volume":"102","author":"Boettger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-013-0411-6","article-title":"Evaluation of autonomic nervous system by salivary alpha-amylase level and heart rate variability in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"264","author":"Ieda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2011.06.010","article-title":"The deceleration capacity\u2014A new measure of heart rate variability evaluated in patients with schizophrenia and antipsychotic treatment","volume":"28","author":"Birkhofer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.07.011","article-title":"Heart rate variability in bipolar mania and schizophrenia","volume":"44","author":"Henry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)90026-4","article-title":"Heart rate variability in schizophrenic patients and changes of autonomic heart rate parameters during treatment with clozapine","volume":"35","author":"Rechlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01210.x","article-title":"Nonlinear relationship between electrodermal activity and heart rate variability in patients with acute schizophrenia","volume":"48","author":"Rachow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000614","article-title":"Schizophrenia patients are impaired in empathic accuracy","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.05.004","article-title":"Differential pattern of heart rate variability in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000082850","article-title":"Nonlinear complexity and spectral analyses of heart rate variability in medicated and unmedicated patients with schizophrenia","volume":"51","author":"Yeragani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00222-6","article-title":"Layer upon layer: Thermoregulation in schizophrenia","volume":"69","author":"Chong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"900","article-title":"Characterization of the effects of the acute and chronic administration of phencyclidine on body temperature in the rat: Lack of evidence for the involvement of opiate receptors","volume":"248","author":"Pechnick","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.10.003","article-title":"Baseline temperature in an animal model of schizophrenia: Long-term effects of perinatal phencyclidine administration","volume":"93","author":"Prostran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(95)90708-I","article-title":"Daily rhythmicity of temperature, pulse and blood pressure in schizophrenic patients","volume":"14","author":"Madjirova","year":"1995","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1950.02310300075007","article-title":"Temperature regulation in schizophrenia: I. comparison of schizophrenic and normal subjects ii. analysis by duration of psychosis","volume":"64","author":"Buck","year":"1950","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(82)90001-1","article-title":"An analysis of the skin conductance orienting response in samples of American, British, and German schizophrenics","volume":"14","author":"Bernstein","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410377744","article-title":"Neurodevelopment and schizophrenia: Broadening the focus","volume":"19","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000783","article-title":"Developmental mechanisms in the prodrome to psychosis","volume":"25","author":"Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/4.2.153","article-title":"Sensitivity of measurement and electrodermal \u201cnonresponding\u201d in schizophrenic and normal subjects","volume":"4","author":"Zahn","year":"1978","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"42","article-title":"Autonomic variables related to short-term outcome and clinical improvement in acute schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Zahn","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830220020003","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system markers of psychopathology in childhood-onset schizophrenia","volume":"54","author":"Zahn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.129.4.350","article-title":"Circadian body temperature in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"129","author":"Morgan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(01)00096-7","article-title":"Abnormal thermoregulation in drug-free male schizophrenia patients","volume":"11","author":"Shiloh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horvath, G., Kekesi, G., Petrovszki, Z., and Benedek, G. (2015). Abnormal motor activity and thermoregulation in a schizophrenia rat model for translational science. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143751"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.07.007","article-title":"Linear and non-linear measures indicate gastric dysmotility in patients suffering from acute schizophrenia","volume":"33","author":"Peupelmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2018.05.007","article-title":"Impaired pupillary control in \u201cschizophrenia-like\u201d WISKET rats","volume":"213","author":"Kekesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/5.4.581","article-title":"Recent studies of psychophysiology in schizophrenia","volume":"5","author":"Spohn","year":"1979","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.07.013","article-title":"Gastric dysmotility in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.03.024","article-title":"High salivary alpha-amylase levels in patients with schizophrenia: A pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Inagaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/070674377602100101","article-title":"Somatic symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"21","author":"Varsamis","year":"1976","journal-title":"Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.04.022","article-title":"Long-lasting, distinct changes in central opioid receptor and urinary bladder functions in models of schizophrenia in rats","volume":"661","author":"Kekesi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.067512","article-title":"Twenty-five year mortality of a community cohort with schizophrenia","volume":"196","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.07.034","article-title":"Association of altered cardiac autonomic function with psychopathology and metabolic profiles in schizophrenia","volume":"210","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01983.x","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system activity and psychiatric severity in schizophrenia: Regular article","volume":"63","author":"Fujibayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001810","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001810","article-title":"Mortality in schizophrenia and related psychoses: Data from two cohorts, 1875\u20131924 and 1994\u20132010","volume":"2","author":"Healy","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000088901.24613.b8","article-title":"Influences of an anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drug, parkinsonism, and psychotic symptoms on cardiac autonomic function in schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Okada","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1737","article-title":"Premature mortality among adults with schizophrenia in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Olfson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(98)00047-6","article-title":"The influence of psychotic states on the autonomic nervous system in schizophrenia","volume":"31","author":"Toichi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.08.009","article-title":"Altered diurnal autonomic variation and reduced vagal information flow in acute schizophrenia","volume":"117","author":"Boettger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2011.00549.x","article-title":"Relationship between heart rate variability and the severity of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.11.007","article-title":"Heart rate dynamics and their relationship to psychotic symptom severity in clozapine-treated schizophrenic subjects","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.08.002","article-title":"Association between dysfunction of autonomic nervous system activity and mortality in schizophrenia","volume":"86","author":"Hattori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.02.007","article-title":"Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease","volume":"150","author":"Hennekens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00007.2009","article-title":"Sympathetic nervous system overactivity and its role in the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"90","author":"Malpas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aysin, B., and Aysin, E. (2006, January 10). Effect of respiration in heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260773"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(93)90143-I","article-title":"Evaluation of autonomic function in the autonomic disorders","volume":"43","author":"Low","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"833","article-title":"Disturbances of autonomic nervous system activity and diminished response to stress in patients with celiac disease","volume":"65","author":"Furgala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-020-09489-6","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability with Deep Breathing in Drug-Na\u00efve Patients with Schizophrenia","volume":"45","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1996.tb00731.x","article-title":"Salivary \u03b1-amylase as a measure of endogenous adrenergic activity","volume":"16","author":"Chatterton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.01.014","article-title":"Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: Current state of research","volume":"34","author":"Nater","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.05.010","article-title":"Stress-induced changes in human salivary alpha-amylase activity\u2014Associations with adrenergic activity","volume":"31","author":"Nater","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0820-z","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis: Implications for schizophrenia and antipsychotic induced weight gain","volume":"268","author":"Kanji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003","article-title":"The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0062-1","article-title":"The metabolic role of vagal afferent innervation","volume":"15","author":"Waise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10503","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1103-13.2013","article-title":"The autonomic brain: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis for central processing of autonomic function","volume":"33","author":"Beissner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Lechan, R.M., and Toni, R. (2000). Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary. Endotext, MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2174\/1876528901003010059","article-title":"The Hypothalamus in Schizophrenia Research: No Longer a Wallflower Existence","volume":"3","author":"Bernstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Neuroendocrinol. J."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Dougherty, P. (2021, June 21). Somatosensory Systems (Section 2, Chapter 2) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy\u2014The University of Texas Medical School at Houston. Available online: https:\/\/nba.uth.tmc.edu\/neuroscience\/m\/s4\/chapter03.html."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.027","article-title":"Hypothalamic Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: Sex Effects and Genetic Vulnerability","volume":"61","author":"Goldstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711000794","article-title":"Hypothalamus and pituitary volume in schizophrenia: A structural MRI study","volume":"15","author":"Klomp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2007.12.004","article-title":"Hypothalamus volume in twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia","volume":"18","author":"Koolschijn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.10.006","article-title":"Enlarged hypothalamic volumes in schizophrenia","volume":"204","author":"Tognin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res.\u2014Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00461-2","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the human hypothalamus: Reduced number of immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of depressive patients and schizophrenics","volume":"83","author":"Bernstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1397.077","article-title":"Strongly reduced number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive projection neurons in the mammillary bodies in schizophrenia: Further evidence for limbic neuropathology","volume":"1096","author":"Bernstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60685-X","article-title":"Mamillary body abnormalities in schizophrenia","volume":"352","author":"Briess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.025","article-title":"Regulation of neurological and neuropsychiatric phenotypes by locus coeruleus-derived galanin","volume":"1641","author":"Weinshenker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113490326","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the central noradrenergic system","volume":"27","author":"Szabadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12126","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms of noradrenergic dysfunction: A pathophysiological view","volume":"68","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777229","article-title":"Functional Neuroanatomy of the Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus: Its Roles in the Regulation of Arousal and Autonomic Function Part I: Principles of Functional Organisation","volume":"6","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Catecholamines and their receptors in blood: Evidence for alterations in schizophrenia","volume":"19","author":"Bondy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"711","article-title":"Increased noradrenaline levels in CSF and plasma of schizophrenic patients","volume":"17","author":"Kemali","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90006-1","article-title":"Possible increase of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the locus ceruleus of paranoid schizophrenic patients: A preliminary post-mortem study","volume":"27","author":"Gay","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.181.4097.344","article-title":"Dopamine-\u03b2-hydroxylase deficits in the brains of schizophrenic patients","volume":"181","author":"Wise","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.023","article-title":"The epidemiologic evidence linking autoimmune diseases and psychosis","volume":"75","author":"Benros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000736","article-title":"Prenatal maternal infection, neurodevelopment and adult schizophrenia: A systematic review of population-based studies","volume":"43","author":"Khandaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.05.023","article-title":"Childhood infection and adult schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"139","author":"Khandaker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z\u00e1dor, F., Nagy-Gr\u00f3cz, G., Kekesi, G., Dvor\u00e1csk\u00f3, S., Szucs, E., T\u00f6mb\u00f6ly, C., Horvath, G., Benyhe, S., and V\u00e9csei, L. (2019). Kynurenines and the endocannabinoid system in schizophrenia: Common points and potential interactions. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24203709"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"3","article-title":"Overview of the role of vitamins and minerals on the kynurenine pathway in health and disease","volume":"67","author":"Majewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sas, K., Szab\u00f3, E., and V\u00e9csei, L. (2018). Mitochondria, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with a focus on ageing and neuroprotection. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010191"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia\u2014A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Elyamany","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200923020-00001","article-title":"Pharmacological manipulation of kynurenic acid: Potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders","volume":"23","author":"Erhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S16800","article-title":"Imbalanced Kynurenine Pathway in Schizophrenia","volume":"7","author":"Kegel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3257","article-title":"Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: When physiology meets pathology","volume":"13","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00f3th, F., Cseh, E.K., and V\u00e9csei, L. (2021). Natural Molecules and Neuroprotection: Kynurenic Acid, Pantethine and \u03b1-Lipoic Acid. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010403"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedetti, F., Aggio, V., Pratesi, M.L., Greco, G., and Furlan, R. (2020). Neuroinflammation in Bipolar Depression. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00071"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.04.002","article-title":"Bioenergetics and synaptic plasticity as potential targets for individualizing treatment for depression","volume":"90","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00032-0","article-title":"Kynurenines in the CNS: From endogenous obscurity to therapeutic importance","volume":"64","author":"Stone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.03.013","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolites and enzymes involved in redox reactions","volume":"112","author":"Pineda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02570","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Genetic Alterations Affecting the Kynurenine Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Boros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0106-z","article-title":"Immune control by amino acid catabolism during tumorigenesis and therapy","volume":"19","author":"Lemos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.31727","article-title":"Role of IDO and TDO in cancers and related diseases and the therapeutic implications","volume":"10","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"46","article-title":"A study of IL-1\u03b2 and IDO gene polymorphisms in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"2014","author":"Golimbet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhurnal Nevrol. Psihiatr. Im. SS Korsakova"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.10.009","article-title":"The inhibition of the kynurenine pathway prevents behavioral disturbances and oxidative stress in the brain of adult rats subjected to an animal model of schizophrenia","volume":"81","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2174\/157339510791823673","article-title":"The Role of Immune System in Schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Muller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1999.0661","article-title":"Transcriptional activation of indoleamine dioxygenase by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 in interferon-treated epithelial cells","volume":"12","author":"Babcock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.06.007","article-title":"Induction of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in rat brain following a systemic inflammatory challenge: A role for IFN-\u03b3?","volume":"441","author":"Connor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4200","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5032-08.2009","article-title":"Interferon- and Tumor Necrosis Factor- Mediate the Upregulation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and the Induction of Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice in Response to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin","volume":"29","author":"Andre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.277","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2: A new regulator of the kynurenine pathway affecting human hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"37","author":"Zunszain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15690","DOI":"10.1021\/ja076186k","article-title":"Human tryptophan dioxygenase: A comparison to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"129","author":"Batabyal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.12.015","article-title":"Expression of the kynurenine pathway enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is increased in the frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12884","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4101-07.2007","article-title":"Characterization of the kynurenine pathway in human neurons","volume":"27","author":"Guillemin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.2004.04446.x","article-title":"pH dependence, substrate specificity and inhibition of human kynurenine aminotransferase I","volume":"271","author":"Han","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00498.x","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolism in human astrocytes: A paradox for neuronal protection","volume":"78","author":"Guillemin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8762","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00461","article-title":"Challenges and Opportunities in the Discovery of New Therapeutics Targeting the Kynurenine Pathway","volume":"58","author":"Dounay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"15","article-title":"Expression of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Production of Quinolinic Acid by Human Microglia, Astrocytes, and Neurons","volume":"49","author":"Guillemin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wiley Online Libr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.05.025","article-title":"The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"92","author":"Erhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7463","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-19-07463.2001","article-title":"The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits \u03b17 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-\u03b17 nicotinic receptor expression: Physiopathological implications","volume":"21","author":"Hilmas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.05.005","article-title":"Reversal of imbalance between kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine by antipsychotics in medication-na\u00efve and medication-free schizophrenic patients","volume":"25","author":"Myint","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"309","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids","volume":"45","author":"Stone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05540.x","article-title":"Kynurenic acid blocks nicotinic synaptic transmission to hippocampal interneurons in young rats","volume":"25","author":"Stone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Zeppillo, T., Schulmann, A., Macciardi, F., Hjelm, B.E., F\u00f6cking, M., Sequeira, P.A., Guella, I., Cotter, D., Bunney, W.E., and Limon, A. (2020). Functional impairment of cortical AMPA receptors in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301312","article-title":"Abnormal glutamate receptor expression in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia and mood disorders","volume":"32","author":"Beneyto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00044-2","article-title":"Glutamate receptor expression in schizophrenic brain","volume":"31","author":"Daniel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.177386","article-title":"Age dependency of inhibition of \u03b17 nicotinic receptors and tonically active N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by endogenously produced kynurenic acid in the brain","volume":"337","author":"Alkondon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.123109","article-title":"Competitive antagonism between the nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligand galantamine and kynurenic acid at \u03b17* nicotinic receptors","volume":"322","author":"Lopes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-009-9235-2","article-title":"The Astrocyte-Derived \u03b17 Nicotinic Receptor Antagonist Kynurenic Acid Controls Extracellular Glutamate Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14907","article-title":"Does kynurenic acid act on nicotinic receptors? An assessment of the evidence","volume":"152","author":"Stone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.06.007","article-title":"Relationships and Interactions between Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and Nicotinic Receptors in the CNS","volume":"468","author":"Stone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300255","article-title":"Inhibitory action of clozapine on rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons following increased levels of endogenous kynurenic acid","volume":"28","author":"Schwieler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300188","article-title":"Micromolar brain levels of kynurenic acid are associated with a disruption of auditory sensory gating in the rat","volume":"28","author":"Shepard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.02.002","article-title":"Proteomic pathway analysis of the hippocampus in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder implicates 14-3-3 signaling, aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, and glucose metabolism: Potential roles in GABAergic interneuron pathology","volume":"167","author":"Schubert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2017.05.006","article-title":"Systemic administration of L-kynurenine sulfate induces cerebral hypoperfusion transients in adult C57Bl\/6 mice","volume":"114","author":"Varga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22021","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603503200","article-title":"Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35","volume":"281","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.09.004","article-title":"The effect of transient increases in kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid levels early in life on behavior in adulthood: Implications for schizophrenia","volume":"150","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0706-6","article-title":"Subchronic elevation of brain kynurenic acid augments amphetamine-induced locomotor response in mice","volume":"119","author":"Olsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08064.x","article-title":"Pre- and postnatal exposure to kynurenine causes cognitive deficits in adulthood","volume":"35","author":"Pocivavsek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.08.014","article-title":"Administration of kynurenine during adolescence, but not during adulthood, impairs social behavior in rats","volume":"133","author":"Trecartin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.030","article-title":"Extrasynaptic NMDA receptor involvement in central nervous system disorders","volume":"82","author":"Parsons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2016.01.005","article-title":"Kynurenines and Glutamate. Multiple Links and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"76","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq151","article-title":"Exposure to kynurenic acid during adolescence produces memory deficits in adulthood","volume":"38","author":"Akagbosu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.01.063","article-title":"Early developmental elevations of brain kynurenic acid impair cognitive flexibility in adults: Reversal with galantamine","volume":"238","author":"Alexander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2006.03.006","article-title":"Increased concentration of cerebral kynurenic acid alters stimulus processing and conditioned responding","volume":"170","author":"Chess","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00451","article-title":"Acid during adolescence increases sign-tracking and impairs long-term potentiation in adulthood","volume":"8","author":"Deangeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.006","article-title":"Endogenous kynurenic acid disrupts prepulse inhibition","volume":"56","author":"Erhardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.09.022","article-title":"Altered hippocampal plasticity by prenatal kynurenine administration, kynurenine-3-monoxygenase (KMO) deletion or galantamine","volume":"310","author":"Forrest","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0763-x","article-title":"Kynurenic acid: A metabolite with multiple actions and multiple targets in brain and periphery","volume":"119","author":"Moroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014465107","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor negatively regulates dendritic cell immunogenicity via a kynurenine-dependent mechanism","volume":"107","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq024","article-title":"Kynurenic acid is a potent endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand that synergistically induces interleukin-6 in the presence of inflammatory signaling","volume":"115","author":"DiNatale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.114.009001","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in barrier organ physiology, immunology, and toxicology","volume":"67","author":"Esser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juricek, L., and Coumoul, X. (2018). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the nervous system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092504"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq086","article-title":"Increased levels of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"38","author":"Linderholm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.090180","article-title":"Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"35","author":"Olsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq112","article-title":"Impaired kynurenine pathway metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"37","author":"Sathyasaikumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01078-2","article-title":"Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.04.037","article-title":"Potential role of the combination of galantamine and memantine to improve cognition in schizophrenia","volume":"157","author":"Koola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.04.008","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia and other mental disorders: Insight from meta-analyses on the peripheral blood levels of tryptophan and related metabolites","volume":"232","author":"Bartoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.007","article-title":"Blood-based kynurenine pathway alterations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"223","author":"Morrens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.12.056","article-title":"Upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway in postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"1073\u20131074","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw221","article-title":"Kynurenic Acid in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Plitman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.33","article-title":"Altered interactions of tryptophan metabolites in first-episode neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001689","article-title":"3-Hydroxykynurenine and clinical symptoms in first-episode neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia","volume":"14","author":"Condray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"1059","article-title":"Anthranilic Acid: A Potential Biomarker and Treatment Target for Schizophrenia","volume":"4","author":"Oxenkrug","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Psychiatry Ment. Heal."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.100175","article-title":"Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase polymorphisms: Relevance for kynurenic acid synthesis in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls","volume":"37","author":"Holtze","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.11","article-title":"The KMO allele encoding Arg 452 is associated with psychotic features in bipolar disorder type 1, and with increased CSF KYNA level and reduced KMO expression","volume":"19","author":"Lavebratt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.71","article-title":"Downregulated kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene expression and enzyme activity in schizophrenia and genetic association with schizophrenia endophenotypes","volume":"68","author":"Wonodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(04)59017-7","article-title":"S100B in schizophrenic psychosis","volume":"59","author":"Rothermundt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00116","article-title":"Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase: An Influential Mediator of Neuropathology","volume":"6","author":"Parrott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.140","article-title":"Conceptual Confluence: The Kynurenine Pathway as a Common Target for Ketamine and the Convergence of the Inflammation and Glutamate Hypotheses of Depression","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.12.004","article-title":"Stress-related regulation of the kynurenine pathway: Relevance to neuropsychiatric and degenerative disorders","volume":"112","author":"Harkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05241.x","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolism in human blood-brain-barrier cells: Implications for immune tolerance & neurotoxicity","volume":"105","author":"Webster","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0076-7","article-title":"Leucine competes with kynurenine for blood-to-brain transport and prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior in mice","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2014.957672","article-title":"MMPs: A novel drug target for schizophrenia","volume":"19","author":"Chopra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.12.002","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia especially focused on the role of microglia","volume":"42","author":"Monji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01945.x","article-title":"Cytokines and schizophrenia: Microglia hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"63","author":"Monji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.583941","article-title":"Bridging the gap between the immune and glutamate hypotheses of schizophrenia and major depression: Potential role of glial NMDA receptor modulators and impaired blood\u2013brain barrier integrity","volume":"13","author":"Steiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14720","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and depression: A review","volume":"53","author":"Troubat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.243","article-title":"Stress-induced increase in kynurenic acid as a potential biomarker for patients with schizophrenia and distress intolerance","volume":"71","author":"Chiappelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2011.07.002","article-title":"On the antioxidant properties of kynurenic acid: Free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of oxidative stress","volume":"33","author":"Maldonado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.08.005","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanistic and therapeutic considerations","volume":"323","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00116-9","article-title":"Locus coeruleus activation by colon distention: Role of corticotropin- releasing factor and excitatory amino acids","volume":"756","author":"Lechner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"155","article-title":"Improvement in detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia by bladder-wall injection of replication-defective herpes simplex virus vector-mediated gene delivery of kynurenine aminotransferase II in spinal cord injury rats","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Publ. Gr."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2260397","article-title":"Stimulation of liver tryptophan pyrrolase during heat exposure","volume":"226","author":"Manjunath","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890701685908","article-title":"Changes in brain tryptophan metabolism elicited by ageing, social environment, and psychological stress in mice","volume":"11","author":"Miura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-76-6-1190","article-title":"Effects of stress and psychotropic drugs on rat liver tryptophan","volume":"76","author":"Nomura","year":"1965","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(00)00252-5","article-title":"Serotonergic and kynurenic pathways in rats exposed to foot shock","volume":"52","author":"Pawlak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2290499","article-title":"The role of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase in the hormonal control of tryptophan metabolism in isolated rat liver cells: Effects of glucocorticoids and experimental diabetes","volume":"229","author":"Salter","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2396(200008)37:2<104::AID-SYN4>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Nicotine-induced excitation of locus coeruleus neurons is blocked by elevated levels of endogenous kynurenic acid","volume":"37","author":"Savtchenko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-017-9781-2","article-title":"Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers Inhibit KAT II Activity in the Brain\u2014Its Possible Clinical Applications","volume":"32","author":"Zakrocka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199006000-00004","article-title":"Effect of intrathecal amino acid receptor antagonists on basal blood pressure and pressor responses to brainstem stimulation in normotensive and hypertensive rats","volume":"15","author":"Mills","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2012.07.007","article-title":"Glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hypothalamus PVN on heart rate variability in exercise trained rats","volume":"170","author":"Mastelari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199711100-00039","article-title":"Immuno-localization of kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) in the rat medulla and spinal cord","volume":"8","author":"Kapoor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.35.1.413","article-title":"Excitatory amino acids in the rostral ventrolateral medulla support blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"35","author":"Ito","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(87)90101-9","article-title":"Differential regulation of regional vascular resistance by the rostral and caudal ventrolateral medulla in the rat","volume":"18","author":"Willette","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1994.tb02460.x","article-title":"Kynurenic acid, an endogenous glutamate antagonist, in SHR and WKY rats: Possible role in central blood pressure regulation","volume":"21","author":"Kapoor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35779","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200303200","article-title":"A missense mutation in kynurenine aminotransferase-1 in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"277","author":"Kwok","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2092","article-title":"Kynurenine is an endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced during inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R69","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.276.1.R69","article-title":"Sympathoexcitatory neurotransmission of the chemoreflex in the NTS of awake rats","volume":"276","author":"Haibara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.\u2014Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.00989.x","article-title":"Kynurenic acid inhibits intestinal hypermotility and xanthine oxidase activity during experimental colon obstruction in dogs","volume":"20","author":"Kaszaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2008.04.009","article-title":"The kynurenate analog SZR-72 prevents the nitroglycerol-induced increase of c-fos immunoreactivity in the rat caudal trigeminal nucleus: Comparative studies of the effects of SZR-72 and kynurenic acid","volume":"61","author":"Mihaly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217.e68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01390.x","article-title":"N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonism decreases motility and inflammatory activation in the early phase of acute experimental colitis in the rat","volume":"22","author":"Varga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90295-D","article-title":"Bladder distention activates noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons by an excitatory amino acid mechanism","volume":"51","author":"Page","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_229","first-page":"30","article-title":"Sacral glutamatergic transmission in the descending limb of the micturition reflex in the cat","volume":"88","author":"Iwabuchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.033100","article-title":"Chemoreflex sympathoexcitation was not altered by the antagonism of glutamate receptors in the commissural nucleus tractus solitarii in the working heart-brainstem preparation of rats","volume":"91","author":"Braga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(97)00051-8","article-title":"Intrinsic primary afferent neurons of the intestine","volume":"54","author":"Furness","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0658-x","article-title":"Kynurenines and intestinal neurotransmission: The role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors","volume":"119","author":"Kaszaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4764","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-12-04764.1997","article-title":"Glutamatergic enteric neurons","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(86)90229-6","article-title":"The presence of N-methyl-d-aspartate-type receptors for glutamic acid in the guinea pig myenteric plexus","volume":"68","author":"Moroni","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_235","first-page":"518","article-title":"Glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum","volume":"251","author":"Shannon","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_236","first-page":"G693","article-title":"Evidence for a glutamatergic neural pathway in the myenteric plexus","volume":"261","author":"Wiley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)02147-2","article-title":"Evidence for a glutamatergic modulation of the cholinergic function in the human enteric nervous system via NMDA receptors","volume":"476","author":"Giaroni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000184137.37687.B7","article-title":"Peripheral N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors modulate nonadrenergic noncholinergic lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in rabbits","volume":"101","author":"Kohjitani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.05.011","article-title":"Glutamate stimulation of acetylcholine release from myenteric plexus is mediated by endogenous nitric oxide","volume":"66","author":"Milusheva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.2.167","article-title":"Association of autonomic dysfunction and clozapine: Heart rate variability and risk for sudden death in patients with schizophrenia on long-term psychotropic medication","volume":"179","author":"Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.7.1273","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among patients receiving clozapine","volume":"163","author":"Lamberti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.07.004","article-title":"Effects of four atypical antipsychotics on autonomic nervous system activity in schizophrenia","volume":"193","author":"Hattori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3182839052","article-title":"Impact of antipsychotics and anticholinergics on autonomic modulation in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00203","article-title":"Clozapine-induced cardiovascular side effects and autonomic dysfunction: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Yuen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_245","first-page":"333","article-title":"Catecholamine metabolism: Basic aspects and clinical significance","volume":"37","author":"Kopin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00073-0","article-title":"Effects of clozapine on plasma catecholamines and relation to treatment response in schizophrenia: A within-subject comparison with haloperidol","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00618","article-title":"Neuroimmune Interactions in Schizophrenia: Focus on Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Activation of the Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor","volume":"8","author":"Brognara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.05.018","article-title":"The role of inflammation and microglial activation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders","volume":"300","author":"Fries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)02088-9","article-title":"Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"25","author":"Konsman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-005-4007-1","article-title":"Cytokine Regulation of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis: Implications for Protective and Toxic Consequences in Neuroendocrine Regulation","volume":"25","author":"Tu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.01.024","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates the kynurenine pathway in association with its antidepressant effect","volume":"353","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)32486-4","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of the tryptophan oxygenase gene in rat liver by glucocorticoids","volume":"258","author":"Danesch","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04800.x","article-title":"Glucocorticoid induction of the rat tryptophan oxygenase gene is mediated by two widely separated glucocorticoid-responsive elements","volume":"6","author":"Danesch","year":"1987","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9824-z","article-title":"TDO as a therapeutic target in brain diseases","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43858-1","article-title":"Insulin and glucagon as a new regulator system for tryptophan oxygenase activity demonstrated in primary cultured rat hepatocytes","volume":"255","author":"Nakamura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-89-5-1250","article-title":"Effects of sex hormones on three glucocorticoid-inducible enzymes concerned with amino acid metabolism in rat liver","volume":"89","author":"Braidman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.3.1017","article-title":"Control of the mRNA for hepatic tryptophan oxygenase during hormonal and substrate induction","volume":"72","author":"Schutz","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-33-5-838","article-title":"Studies on tryptophan metabolism in male subjects treated with hydrocortisone","volume":"33","author":"Wolf","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105459","article-title":"Correlation of kynurenine excretion with liver tryptophan pyrrolase levels in disease and after hydrocortisone induction","volume":"45","author":"Altman","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.113.2931.237","article-title":"The adaptive increase of the tryptophan peroxidase-oxidase system of liver","volume":"113","author":"Knox","year":"1951","journal-title":"Science (80-)"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0290-7","article-title":"IDO and TDO as a potential therapeutic target in different types of depression","volume":"33","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.10.006","article-title":"D-cycloserine lowers kynurenic acid formation-New mechanism of action","volume":"24","author":"Baran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.05.029","article-title":"D-cycloserine facilitation of cognitive behavioral therapy for delusions in schizophrenia","volume":"131","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.03.004","article-title":"A systemically-available kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II) inhibitor restores nicotine-evoked glutamatergic activity in the cortex of rats","volume":"82","author":"Gritton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00983-2","article-title":"Effects of systemic treatment with irbesartan and losartan on central responses to angiotensin II in conscious, normotensive rats","volume":"367","author":"Culman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2012.63","article-title":"Sympathoinhibition caused by orally administered telmisartan through inhibition of the AT1 receptor in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of hypertensive rats","volume":"35","author":"Kishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91650-0","article-title":"Effects of neonatal capsaicin treatment on descending modulation of spinal nociception from the rostral, medial medulla in adult rat","volume":"645","author":"Zhuo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199907000-00007","article-title":"Kynurenine hydroxylase inhibitors reduce ischemic brain damage: Studies with (m-nitrobenzoyl)-alanine (mNBA) and 3,4-dimethoxy-[-N-4-(nitrophenyl)thiazol-2YL]-benzenesulfonamide (Ro 61-8048) in models of focal or global brain ischemia","volume":"19","author":"Cozzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1611","article-title":"Effect of Anti-inflammatory Treatment on Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Adverse Effects","volume":"71","author":"Benros","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301082","article-title":"VNS Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Clinical Evidence and Putative Neurobiological Mechanisms","volume":"31","author":"Nemeroff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2000.00273.x","article-title":"Dipyridamole in the treatment of schizophrenia: Adenosine-dopamine receptor interactions","volume":"25","author":"Akhondzadeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nematollahi, A., Sun, G., Jayawickrama, G.S., and Church, W.B. (2016). Kynurenine Aminotransferase Isozyme Inhibitors: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060946"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.04.023","article-title":"Oral administration of a specific kynurenic acid synthesis (KAT II) inhibitor attenuates evoked glutamate release in rat prefrontal cortex","volume":"121","author":"Bortz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1021\/ml200204m","article-title":"Discovery of Brain-Penetrant, Irreversible Kynurenine Aminotransferase II Inhibitors for Schizophrenia","volume":"3","author":"Dounay","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2013.02.039","article-title":"PF-04859989 as a template for structure-based drug design: Identification of new pyrazole series of irreversible KAT II inhibitors with improved lipophilic efficiency","volume":"23","author":"Dounay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170502123114","article-title":"Major Developments in the Design of Inhibitors along the Kynurenine Pathway","volume":"24","author":"Jacobs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayawickrama, G.S., Nematollahi, A., Sun, G., and Church, W.B. (2018). Improvement of kynurenine aminotransferase-II inhibitors guided by mimicking sulfate esters. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196404"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17979-7","article-title":"Inhibition of human kynurenine aminotransferase isozymes by estrogen and its derivatives","volume":"7","author":"Jayawickrama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23040","article-title":"Inhibition of kynurenine aminotransferase II attenuates hippocampus-dependent memory deficit in adult rats treated prenatally with kynurenine","volume":"29","author":"Pocivavsek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt157","article-title":"Targeting kynurenine aminotransferase II in psychiatric diseases: Promising effects of an orally active enzyme inhibitor","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00388","article-title":"IDO and Kynurenine Metabolites in Peripheral and CNS Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36554","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.503813","article-title":"Targeted deletion of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in mice: A new tool for studying kynurenine pathway metabolism in periphery and brain","volume":"288","author":"Giorgini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12039","article-title":"Structural basis of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition","volume":"496","author":"Amaral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65031176.x","article-title":"Comparison of the Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects Resulting from the Inhibition of Kynurenine Hydroxylase and\/or Kynureninase","volume":"65","author":"Chiarugi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.08.007","article-title":"Prolonged kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibition reduces development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian monkeys","volume":"186","author":"Rassoulpour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.020","article-title":"Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition in blood ameliorates neurodegeneration","volume":"145","author":"Zwilling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1642-2","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in psychiatry: A systematic review of the available evidence","volume":"124","author":"Cimpianu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-005-0649-1","article-title":"Neuroprotection by adenosine in the brain: From A1 receptor activation to A2A receptor blockade","volume":"1","author":"Cunha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(05)63007-3","article-title":"Adenosine and Brain Function","volume":"63","author":"Fredholm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biaggioni, I. (2012). Adenosine Receptors and Autonomic Regulation. Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386525-0.00019-6"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.012161","article-title":"The pharmacology of autonomic failure: From hypotension to hypertension","volume":"69","author":"Biaggioni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.654426","article-title":"Adenosine and Kynurenic Acid Interactions: Possible Relevance for Schizophrenia Treatment?","volume":"12","author":"Beggiato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.188","article-title":"Purinergic system in psychiatric diseases","volume":"23","author":"Cheffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.10.032","article-title":"Purinergic receptors in psychiatric disorders","volume":"104","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0003","article-title":"Schizophrenia: A purinergic hypothesis","volume":"54","author":"Lara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.048","article-title":"Adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia\u2014Opportunities for pharmacotherapy","volume":"62","author":"Boison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.06.038","article-title":"Adenosine hypothesis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial of adjuvant purinergic modulators","volume":"149","author":"Hirota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.02.002","article-title":"Involvement of adenosine in the neurobiology of schizophrenia and its therapeutic implications","volume":"30","author":"Lara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801022-8.00016-7","article-title":"The Adenosine Neuromodulation System in Schizophrenia","volume":"Volume 119","author":"Rial","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.04.031","article-title":"Comorbidities in Neurology: Is adenosine the common link?","volume":"97","author":"Boison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04386.x","article-title":"Differential glutamate-dependent and glutamate-independent adenosine A 1 receptor-mediated modulation of dopamine release in different striatal compartments","volume":"101","author":"Borycz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.14.7673","article-title":"Schizophrenia: More dopamine, more D2 receptors","volume":"97","author":"Seeman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.06.005","article-title":"Dopamine and psychosis: Theory, pathomechanisms and intermediate phenotypes","volume":"34","author":"Tost","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000095206.44418.5C","article-title":"Receptor heteromerization in adenosine A2A receptor signaling: Relevance for striatal function and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"61","author":"Fuxe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2009.10.010","article-title":"Molecular integration via allosteric interactions in receptor heteromers. A working hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Fuxe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.05.034","article-title":"Adenosine receptor-dopamine receptor interactions in the basal ganglia and their relevance for brain function","volume":"92","author":"Fuxe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21440","article-title":"Adenosine A 2A receptors, dopamine D 2 receptors and their interactions in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Fuxe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130594","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0594","article-title":"Astrocytic adenosine: From synapses to psychiatric disorders","volume":"369","author":"Hines","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.144","article-title":"Dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors regulate NMDA-mediated excitation in accumbens neurons through A2A-D 2 receptor heteromerization","volume":"34","author":"Azdad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1997.tb02124.x","article-title":"Purines and the nucleus tractus solitarius: Effects on cardiovascular and respiratory function","volume":"24","author":"Phillis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-28","article-title":"Rare coding variants of the adenosine A3 receptor are increased in autism: On the trail of the serotonin transporter regulome","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11941","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1183-11.2011","article-title":"Oxygen\/glucose deprivation induces a reduction in synaptic AMPA receptors on hippocampal CA3 neurons mediated by mGluR1 and adenosine A3 receptors","volume":"31","author":"Dennis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.11.071","article-title":"Increased serum adenosine deaminase activity in schizophrenic receiving antipsychotic treatment","volume":"414","author":"Brunstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462010005000003","article-title":"Lower frequency of the low activity adenosine deaminase allelic variant (ADA1*2) in schizophrenic patients","volume":"32","author":"Dutra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208784480090","article-title":"Potential Therapeutic Interest of Adenosine A2A Receptors in Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Cunha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-01969-2","article-title":"Adenosine heteroreceptor complexes in the basal ganglia are implicated in Parkinson\u2019s disease and its treatment","volume":"126","author":"Fuxe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.6.726","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system function in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"72","author":"Andrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1043-2","article-title":"The cold pressor test in interictal migraine patients\u2014Different parasympathetic pupillary response indicates dysbalance of the cranial autonomic nervous system","volume":"18","author":"Eren","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00278","article-title":"The Effect of Systemic Nitroglycerin Administration on the Kynurenine Pathway in the Rat","volume":"8","author":"Laborc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16920","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160816920","article-title":"Autonomic Dysregulation in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Cseh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2020.100270","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway in Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014An update","volume":"21","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2020","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666151208113006","article-title":"Stress, the Autonomic Nervous System, and the Immune-kynurenine Pathway in the Etiology of Depression","volume":"14","author":"Won","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000488157","article-title":"Kynurenine Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children","volume":"76","author":"Bryn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/18\/10016\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:00:51Z","timestamp":1760166051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/18\/10016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"references-count":323,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms221810016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms221810016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]}}}