{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:20:59Z","timestamp":1790572859016,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/25\/B\/NZ4\/01969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/25\/B\/NZ4\/01969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, PAS, Warsaw, Poland","award":["5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare, multi-system genetic disease with serious neurological and mental symptoms, including autism. Mutations in the TSC1\/TSC2 genes lead to the overactivation of mTOR signalling, which is also linked to nonsyndromic autism. Our aim was to analyse synaptic pathology in a transgenic model of TSC: two-month-old male B6;129S4-Tsc2tm1Djk\/J mice with Tsc2 haploinsufficiency. Significant brain-region-dependent alterations in the expression of several synaptic proteins were identified. The most prominent changes were observed in the immunoreactivity of presynaptic VAMP1\/2 (ca. 50% increase) and phospho-synapsin-1 (Ser62\/67) (ca. 80% increase). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated serious ultrastructural abnormalities in synapses such as a blurred structure of synaptic density and a significantly increased number of synaptic vesicles. The impairment of synaptic mitochondrial ultrastructure was represented by excessive elongation, swelling, and blurred crista contours. Polyribosomes in the cytoplasm and swollen Golgi apparatus suggest possible impairment of protein metabolism. Moreover, the delamination of myelin and the presence of vacuolar structures in the cell nucleus were observed. We also report that Tsc2+\/\u2212 mice displayed increased brain weights and sizes. The behavioural analysis demonstrated the impairment of memory function, as established in the novel object recognition test. To summarise, our data indicate serious synaptic impairment in the brains of male Tsc2+\/\u2212 mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1631913809000},"page":"10058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Synaptic Alterations in a Transgenic Model of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: Relevance to Autism Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Grzegorz A.","family":"Czapski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Babiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henryk","family":"J\u0119\u015bko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"G\u0105ssowska-Dobrowolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7604-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Cie\u015blik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Matuszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Frontczak-Baniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0749-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Zajdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-9377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61279-9","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Curatolo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05117.x","article-title":"The tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"1184","author":"Orlova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. 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