{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:32:26Z","timestamp":1781670746954,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EH 192\/5-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EH 192\/5-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies reported on the broad-spectrum antiviral function of heparin. Here we investigated the antiviral function of magnesium-modified heparin and found that modified heparin displayed a significantly enhanced antiviral function against human adenovirus (HAdV) in immortalized and primary cells. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed a conformational change of heparin when complexed with magnesium. To broadly explore this discovery, we tested the antiviral function of modified heparin against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and found that the replication of HSV-1 was even further decreased compared to aciclovir. Moreover, we investigated the antiviral effect against the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and measured a 55-fold decreased viral load in the supernatant of infected cells associated with a 38-fold decrease in virus growth. The advantage of our modified heparin is an increased antiviral effect compared to regular heparin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1631913809000},"page":"10075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Enhanced Antiviral Function of Magnesium Chloride-Modified Heparin on a Broad Spectrum of Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kemal","family":"Mese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten\/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1483-8827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oskar","family":"Bunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten\/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Volkwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7773-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahithya P. B.","family":"Vemulapalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten\/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Schellhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten\/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, 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W.","family":"Vahlenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7344-5081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Lena","family":"Severing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Institute for Translational Wound Research, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2830-4810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten\/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Aydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten\/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4288-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagen S.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, 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