{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:52:24Z","timestamp":1791931944573,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as the presence of irreversible structural or functional kidney damages, increases the risk of poor outcomes due to its association with multiple complications, including altered mineral metabolism, anemia, metabolic acidosis, and increased cardiovascular events. The mainstay of treatments for CKD lies in the prevention of the development and progression of CKD as well as its complications. Due to the heterogeneous origins and the uncertainty in the pathogenesis of CKD, efficacious therapies for CKD remain challenging. In this review, we focus on the following four themes: first, a summary of the known factors that contribute to CKD development and progression, with an emphasis on avoiding acute kidney injury (AKI); second, an etiology-based treatment strategy for retarding CKD, including the approaches for the common and under-recognized ones; and third, the recommended approaches for ameliorating CKD complications, and the final section discusses the novel agents for counteracting CKD progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T08:04:23Z","timestamp":1632211463000},"page":"10084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Chronic Kidney Disease: Strategies to Retard Progression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ming-Tso","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Cathay General Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2892-7986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Ter","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 104, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6152-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group (2013). 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