{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:50:57Z","timestamp":1790682657510,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]],"date-time":"2021-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MEXT\/JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP24390121 to M.K. and Y.T., JP26670240 to M.K., 18K07075 to Y.T."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24390121 to M.K. and Y.T., JP26670240 to M.K., 18K07075 to Y.T."]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Strategic Research Foundation Grant-aided Project for Private Schools at Heisei 26th (S1411015 )"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Strategic Research Foundation Grant-aided Project for Private Schools at Heisei 26th (S1411015 )"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant-in Aid for Private University Research Branding Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant-in Aid for Private University Research Branding Project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Toho University Graduate School of Medicine","award":["Research Promotion Grant (14-02)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Promotion Grant (14-02)"]}]},{"name":"Toho University School of Medicine","award":["Project Research Grants (23-4 and 26-22 to Y.T.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project Research Grants (23-4 and 26-22 to Y.T.)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018193","name":"Public Foundation of the Vaccination Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012835","name":"Toho University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Joint research Fund to M.K., Y.T., M.O. and K.F."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Joint research Fund to M.K., Y.T., M.O. and K.F."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012835","name":"Toho University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant for Research Initiative Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant for Research Initiative Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Initiative for Realizing Diversity in the Research Environment"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Initiative for Realizing Diversity in the Research Environment"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R37CA39681 to T.K.-S."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37CA39681 to T.K.-S."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by dysfunction of salivary and lacrimal glands, resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes). Autoantibodies, such as anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies, are hallmarks and important diagnostic factors for SS. In our previous study, we demonstrated that SS-like xerostomia was observed in SATB1 conditional knockout (SATB1cKO) mice, in which the floxed SATB1 gene was specifically deleted in hematopoietic cells as early as 4 weeks of age. In these mice, autoantibodies were not detected until 8 weeks of age in SATB1cKO mice, although exocrine gland function reached its lowest at this age. Therefore, other markers may be necessary for the diagnosis of SS in the early phase. Here, we found that mRNA expression of the interferon\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) gene and the IFN-responsive indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) gene is upregulated in the salivary glands of SATB1cKO mice after 3 and 4 weeks of age, respectively. We detected l-kynurenine (l-KYN), an intermediate of l-tryptophan (l-Trp) metabolism mediated by IDO, in the serum of SATB1cKO mice after 4 weeks of age. In addition, the upregulation of IDO expression was significantly suppressed by the administration of IFN-\u03b3 neutralizing antibodies in SATB1cKO mice. These results suggest that the induction of IFN-dependent IDO expression is an initial event that occurs immediately after the onset of SS in SATB1cKO mice. These results also imply that serum l-KYN could be used as a marker for SS diagnosis in the early phases of the disease before autoantibodies are detectable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T08:04:23Z","timestamp":1632211463000},"page":"10125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Increased Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Levels at the Onset of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome in SATB1-Conditional Knockout Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9278-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuriko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayu","family":"Onozato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetuo","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terumi","family":"Kohwi-Shigematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6086-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motonari","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66990-5","article-title":"Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"366","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.12.1275","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and early diagnosis of Sjogren syndrome","volume":"164","author":"Kassan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. 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