{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:56:58Z","timestamp":1770749818091,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Decades ago, we and many other groups showed a nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of La protein in cultured cells. This shuttling of La protein was seen after UV irradiation, virus infections, hydrogen peroxide exposure and the Fenton reaction based on iron or copper ions. All of these conditions are somehow related to oxidative stress. Unfortunately, these harsh conditions could also cause an artificial release of La protein. Even until today, the shuttling and the cytoplasmic function of La\/SS-B is controversially discussed. Moreover, the driving mechanism for the shuttling of La protein remains unclear. Recently, we showed that La protein undergoes redox-dependent conformational changes. Moreover, we developed anti-La monoclonal antibodies (anti-La mAbs), which are specific for either the reduced form of La protein or the oxidized form. Using these tools, here we show that redox-dependent conformational changes are the driving force for the shuttling of La protein. Moreover, we show that translocation of La protein to the cytoplasm can be triggered in a ligand\/receptor-dependent manner under physiological conditions. We show that ligands of toll-like receptors lead to a redox-dependent shuttling of La protein. The shuttling of La protein depends on the redox status of the respective cell type. Endothelial cells are usually resistant to the shuttling of La protein, while dendritic cells are highly sensitive. However, the deprivation of intracellular reducing agents in endothelial cells makes endothelial cells sensitive to a redox-dependent shuttling of La protein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T02:41:07Z","timestamp":1631068867000},"page":"9699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["And Yet It Moves: Oxidation of the Nuclear Autoantigen La\/SS-B Is the Driving Force for Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Berndt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia C.","family":"Bippes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Michalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tabea","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1285-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Arndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edinson","family":"Puentes-Cala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Corporaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n de la Corrosi\u00f3n (CIC), Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4786-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier Andr\u00e9s","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Masira, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Santander, C\u00facuta 540001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana R.","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne K.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biji T.","family":"Kurien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Hal","family":"Scofield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3009-2017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Darise","family":"Farris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9574-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith A.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-4286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 03128 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Feldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8029-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 03128 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(58)91480-6","article-title":"Lacrimal and salivary precipitating antibodies in Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"1958","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(61)92430-8","article-title":"Precipitating autoantibodies in Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Anderson","year":"1961","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.21.4.360","article-title":"Precipitating autoantibodies in the connective tissue diseases","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ann. 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