{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T07:23:06Z","timestamp":1768029786258,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-221-E-039-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-221-E-039-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU109-S-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU109-S-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Masticatory myofascial pain (MMP) is one of the most common causes of chronic orofacial pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders. To explore the antinociceptive effects of ultra-low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS) on alterations of pain-related biochemicals, electrophysiology and jaw-opening movement in an animal model with MMP, a total of 40 rats were randomly and equally assigned to four groups; i.e., animals with MMP receiving either ULF-TENS or sham treatment, as well as those with sham-MMP receiving either ULF-TENS or sham treatment. MMP was induced by electrically stimulated repetitive tetanic contraction of masticatory muscle for 14 days. ULF-TENS was then performed at myofascial trigger points of masticatory muscles for seven days. Measurable outcomes included maximum jaw-opening distance, prevalence of endplate noise (EPN), and immunohistochemistry for substance P (SP) and \u03bc-opiate receptors (MOR) in parabrachial nucleus and c-Fos in rostral ventromedial medulla. There were significant improvements in maximum jaw-opening distance and EPN prevalence after ULF-TENS in animals with MMP. ULF-TENS also significantly reduced SP overexpression, increased MOR expression in parabrachial nucleus, and increased c-Fos expression in rostral ventromedial medulla. ULF-TENS may represent a novel and applicable therapeutic approach for improvement of orofacial pain induced by MMP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T21:47:21Z","timestamp":1631656041000},"page":"9906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ultra-Low Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Pain Modulation in a Rat Model with Myogenous Temporomandibular Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8507-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueh-Ling","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Chia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kao-An Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nian-Pu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.7603\/s40681-014-0013-2","article-title":"Needling therapy for myofascial pain: Recommended technique with multiple rapid needle insertion","volume":"4","author":"Chou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2011.04.021","article-title":"Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review of axis I epidemiologic findings","volume":"112","author":"Manfredini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Surg. 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